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Psychology 302 > Lecture 6: Voice [test 3] > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Voice [test 3] Flashcards

1
Q

When we speak, we provide 3 distinct forms of information through our voice channel:

1) Verbal subchannel
2) Style subchannel
3) Tone subchannel

define each

A

1) Verbal subchannel: the words that we speak

2) Style subchannel: the patterns that we use to present our words
i. e. pausing and other irregularities of speech

3) Tone subchannel: the acoustic properties that characterize our speech
i. e. pitch and loudness

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2
Q

Richard gets quiet at the end of his sentence when saying something important. This would fall into which of the 3 subchannels of info that we provide through speech?
1) Verbal subchannel

2) Style subchannel
3) Tone subchannel

A

2) Style subchannel

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3
Q

the tone sub channel includes amplitude, pitch, and frequency, which are measured in __

A

Hz

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4
Q

the verbal, style, and tone subchannels are Interdependent- explain

A

by varying one, you impact the other 2
(E.g. saying “This will be fun”- many different ways of expressing these words with style and tone to convey different meanings)

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5
Q

t/f- the the verbal, style, and tone subchannels also contain info re demographic traits (gender, age, native language) and transient states (eg., attitude, emotion, whether we are engaged in mental effort)

A

true

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6
Q

Mike is inserting a lot of pauses, uhs, and ums into his speech. What does this indicate?

A

he is engaged in mental effort- pauses are used to slow down while thinking/presenting info

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7
Q

nonverbal subchannels of tone and style are subsumed under the term ____

a. NVC
b. amplitude
c. prosody
d. vocal fluctuations

A

c. prosody

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8
Q

_____: (the “music” of speech) refers to the variety of noises we can make:
Dysfluencies
Pauses
Laughs
Yawns
Grunts
All these noises go a long way in influencing perceptions of emotions and attitudes

A

Prosody

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9
Q

Nonverbal communication can be conveyed in written text by using:

a. Punctuation
b. Capitalization
c. Pauses
d. All of these
e. a and b only

A

e. a and b only

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10
Q

what message does capitalizing all letters in a text or email send?

A

significant emotion/shouting

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11
Q

a question mark in written text makes a reader… in their head at the end of a sentence

a. read the text as more loud
b. read the text as more quiet
c. raise the pitch
d. read the text as more submissive

A

c. raise the pitch

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12
Q

a question mark in written text makes a reader… in their head at the end of a sentence

a. read the text as more loud
b. read the text as more quiet
c. raise the pitch
d. read the text as more submissive

A

a. read the text as more loud

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13
Q

BONUS: periods, elipses (…) and dashes (-) help build ____ in text

a. drama
b. structure

A

a. drama

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14
Q

_____ help disambiguate text and better understand emotional underpinnings

A

emojis

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15
Q

there are notable ____ differences in emoji interpretation

a. cognitive
b. perceptual
c. affective
d. generational

A

generational

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16
Q

Wernicke’s area (which lobe it’s in and function, what happens if damaged)

A

temporal lobe, language comprehension, if damaged- inability to understand written or spoken speech

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17
Q

Broca’s area (which lobe it’s in and function, what happens if damaged)

A

frontal lobe, speech production, if damaged, people have impaired ability to speak, but speech comprehension remains intact

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18
Q

explain how the Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas work collaboratively when you are speaking to someone

A

will be listening to what they are saying (comprehension- Wernicke) and thinking about what you want to say (Broca) and as you create muscle movements to speak (tongue, jaw, lips, vocal cords , larynx activated to produce these movements

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19
Q

rushed cards start here

A

5

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20
Q

t/f- affect has impact on drynesss in mouth and larynx

A

true

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21
Q

accelerated breathing results in ____ tension and ____ voice, and decelerated breathing results in ____ tension and ____ voice (pick: lower, higher, more, less)

A

accelerated (more tension, higher voice) or decelerated breathing (less tension, lower voice)

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22
Q

In order to perceive an individuals’ emotional state, we largely rely on cues provided by: (2)

A

1) visual input of face
2) tone of voice
(Auditory and visual (AV) emotion)

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23
Q

the face/voice (CHOOSE) tends to have a stronger impact on the recognition of emotions.

A

face (but enviro factors can shift reliance from one channel to another)

(eg. loud bar- more reliance on visual input since audio input likely compromised, or being in backseat of car and talking to driver- will be more reliant on voice since you can’t see their face and have no facial cues to guide you)

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24
Q

The errors that occur during AV (audio/visual) emotion perception are usually not random.
The errors often show a similarity to the…

A

emotion that is expressed (eg. anger confused with contempt, rather than joy)

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25
Q

semantically unpredictable sentences

A

sentences with no predictability in terms of what the affect should be

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26
Q

Fast speech rate: more often observed for emotions of…(3)

Slow speech rate: more often observed for ____

A

Fast speech rate: more often observed for emotions of anger, fear, and happiness
Slow speech rate: more often observed for sadness

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27
Q

the Kim & Davis study speech stimuli showed a significantly faster speech rate…

a. in anger, compared to sadness
b. in fear, compared to happiness
c. both
d. neither

A

a. in anger, compared to sadness

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28
Q

fundamental frequency and acoustic energy is high for these 3 emotions:
they are low for this emotion:

A

anger, fear happiness- high

sadness- low

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29
Q

t/f- in the Kim & Davis study, study, only the difference in acoustic energy between sadness and fear approached significance (no sig differences in acoustic E b/w any emotions)

A

true

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30
Q

a high acoustic Energhy sound wave has ___ amplitude

A

high

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31
Q

Changes in pitch are caused by: (2)

A

Air pressure below larynx (moving upward)

Speed of vibration of vocal folds

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32
Q

Changes in loudness are caused by: (2)

A

Air pressure moving up from below larynx

Tension of larynx

33
Q

Changes in speech rate can reveal: (2)

A

Higher cognitive load

Effects of emotion

34
Q

increase in rate of speech disturbances indicates higher…

A

cog load

35
Q

Enduring traits:

A

Stable demographic characteristics

Stable personality characteristics of people

36
Q

t/f- as people age, speech slows, syllables and words become elongated, sentences become punctuated w more pauses for air, and pitch/loudness are reduced, tremors in voice become more common

A

true

37
Q

t/f- we are good at IDing social class MORE than ethnicity from voice

A

true

38
Q

t/f- if listener wants speaker to continue, listener only needs to smile, nod, backchannel, until speaker starts talking again

A

true

39
Q

research methods in interpreting audio and visual (AV) emotional cues have been limited due to the complexity of AV emotional expression. Explain what is meant by this and the problem with existing research in this field

A

research methods have relied on easily recognizable stimuli (ie., obvious which emotion is being displayed). Problem is that many many human emotions are expressed partially or subtly, or a mixture of different emotional expressions that happen in rapid succession. Response choices in studies are also often limited to things like “happiness, sadness, etc”

40
Q

t/f- accuracy in interpreting emotions is better when auditory + visual (AV) info for the emotion is presented, compared to either auditory or visual information alone

A

true

41
Q

verbal/NV (choose) elements of our voice make our voice very recognizable to other

A

NV

42
Q

BONUS: how does testosterone lead to a deeper voice?

A

lengthens/thickens vocal cords

43
Q

BONUS: timbre is difficult to measure. Which of the following factors do NOT contribute to changes in timbre?
a. Different types of phonation (changes vibrations of larynx)
b. Differences in configurations of an individual’s:
Mouth
Nose
Throat
c. all of these contribute

A

c. all of these contribute

44
Q

resonance

A

particular pronunciation sounds of different consonants, vowels, and other sounds

45
Q

lower arousal emotions (sadness, disgust) are associated with ____ speech rate, and higher arousal emotions (happiness, anger, fear) are associated with ____ speech rate
pick: higher, lower

A

lower, higher

46
Q

response length

A

Amount of time that an individual spends speaking

47
Q

speech latency

A

Time it takes an individual to respond to another person (after they’ve been asked a question)

48
Q

explain how (1) interest in a conversation and (2) personalty can impact response length

A

if interested in convo, people give longer responses

extraverts tend to provide longer responses

49
Q

2 types of pauses in speech (list and define)

A
  1. filled- ums, uhs

2. unfilled- silence

50
Q

how are filled and unfilled pauses in conversation perceived ?

A

filled- less competent

unfilled- more positive appraisal, more competent

51
Q

extemporaneous speech (define and explain whether this would have more or less pauses)

A

thinking on your feet- more pauses produced

52
Q

speech errors

A

Dysfluencies or disturbances that occur in speech

53
Q

increase in rate of speech disturbances indicates a higher ____ load

a. cognitive
b. physical
c. fatigue
d. cultural

A

a. cognitive

54
Q

how might a speech disturbance make someone’s statement MORE compelling?

A

repetition of a particular word or phrase- classified as speech error, but can also reinforce ideas

55
Q

… of someone’s voice strongly influence our perception of them

a. tone
b. style
c. both

A

c. both

56
Q

t/f- overall, we are quite good at matching a stranger’s voice to their photo

A

true

57
Q

t/f- we are better at detecting someone’s occupation than their gender from their voice

A

false- opposite

58
Q

We are extremely accurate at IDing the voice of someone we are familiar with, even if it’s just from a short audio clip. Why?

A

no 2 individuals sound identical

59
Q

We excel at identifying the following from voice:

a. Age
b. Gender
c. Ethnicity
d. Personality
e. all of these
f. all but d

A

e. all of these

60
Q

voice lift

A

surgery involving tightening of vocal cords to regenerate youthful sound in voice

61
Q

vocal ____ often gives us clues about ethnicity of the speaker

a. pitch
b. amplitude
c. accent
d. errors

A

c. accent

62
Q

people high on this big 5 trait talk louder, have a higher speech rate, shorter vocal pauses, and more variable pitch (more ups/downs in Hz)

A

extraversion

63
Q

dominant people have a lower/higher (pick) pitch and speak louder

A

lower

64
Q

have transient or enduring traits received more attention in the literature?

A

transient

65
Q

transient characteristics of people include…

a. emotions
b. mental processing efforts
c. both

A

c. both

66
Q

agreement rate between observers across cultures is higher overall for ____ (vocal vs facial) expressions of emotion

A

facial

67
Q

within and across cultures, there is higher agreement for ____ expressions of anger and sadness, and lowest agreement for sadness
pick: facial, vocal

A

vocal

68
Q

across and within cultures, the highest rate of agreement among observers is for this emotion, when expressed via the FACE (not voice):

A

happiness

69
Q

which 4 emotions have been studied the most in terms of vocal recognition? is there much research on emotions outside of these 4?

A

anger, fear, happiness, sadness

not much research on others

70
Q

… do(es) not show high agreement rates between observers listening to their vocal expressions
… show(s) irregular patterns of agreement, with some studies reporting high agreement, and others low
a. disgust, shame and guilt
b. shame and guilt, disgust

A

b. shame and guilt, disgust

71
Q

4 methodological cautions of studying vocal portrayals of emotion

A

1) Vocal portrayals of a particular emotion will be quite different depending upon how they are elicited.
2) Larger individual differences in the human ability to pose an emotion in their voice in contrast to their face.
3) Researchers have yet to be able to document with precision, the specific parameters of each emotion expressed in the voice.
4) All measurements must be within-subject measurements (to compare one’s neutral vs emotional tone)

72
Q

comprehension is significantly more likely when the speaker…

a. varies pitch in speech
b. varies amplitude in speech
c. varies both
d. varies neither

A

c. varies both

73
Q

which of the following would increase the chances of persuasion?

a. varying pitch in speech
b. varying amplitude in speech
c. speaking with fewer pauses
d. speaking with shorter latencies
e. faster speech
f. all of these
g. all but e

A

f. all of these

74
Q

(general) why do pitch and amplitude variations, as well as speaking with fewer pauses, make someone more persuasive? (hint: what do these things convey?)

A

variation- captivates attention and interest, makes person seem energetic
fewer pauses- demonstrates competence/knowledge

75
Q

which of the following can be done to request a turn to speak?

a. accelerate rate of backchanelling to the current speaker
b. stutter start (eg. saying I-I-I until you get sentence in)
c. both of these

A

c. both of these

76
Q

3 key functions of voice in turn taking:

A
  1. requesting a turn to speak
  2. maintaining the floor
  3. indicating you are finished talking and want someone else to take over
77
Q

which of the following are methods by which you can use vocal NVC to maintain the floor?

a. increase speech rate
b. decrease speech rate
c. increase loudness
d. fill pauses in speech
e. leave more pauses in speech
f. a,c,d
g. b,c,e

A

f. a,c,d

78
Q

a speaker’s pitch drops and their final word/syllable is stretched out. What does this indicate?

A

they are done talking

79
Q

raising pitch at the end of a sentence indicates…

A

asking a question

Psychology 302 (14 decks)

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