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Psychology 302 > Lecture 7 (Part 2): Schienle fMRI & BPD Study > Flashcards

Lecture 7 (Part 2): Schienle fMRI & BPD Study Flashcards

1
Q

the ____ and ____ play a big role in how we mentally/cognitively represent space

a. TPS, PFC
b. amygdala, parietal cortex
c. amygdala, PFC
d. parietal cortex, TPS

A

b. amygdala, parietal cortex

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2
Q

explain how the concept of personal space fluctuates in BPD

A

patients can rapidly oscillate between wanting to be very close to very distant from people

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3
Q

peripersonal space

A

are immediately surrounding our bodies, “safe zone”, variable between people/contexts (eg., we allow friends to get closer than strangers), people have big discomfort if this boundary is infringed

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4
Q

we allow for a smaller distance in peripersonal space (PPS) when someone approaches us with a … rather than a …

a. friendly face, negative expression
b. sign of being wealthy, sign of poverty
c. open body posture, closed body posture

A

a. friendly face, negative expression

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5
Q

The following factors influence personal space (PPS) preferences…(3)

A

1) Personality traits (eg. trait anxiety)
2) Mental disorders (eg. social anxiety)
3) Neurological conditions (eg. amygdalar atrophy)

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6
Q

explain how someone with severe amygdala lesions may experience PPS differently, as well as amygdala activity in healthy people when they are in close proximity to others. What does this tell us about the amygdala?

A

severe lesions- lose sense of PPS
healthy people- increased amygdala activation when close to others
tells us amygdala is v important to processing personal space

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7
Q

Studies among both animals and humans have revealed that central PPS representations are largely mediated by these 3 brain areas:
Visuo-tactile neurons in parietal cortex
Putamen
Premotor cortex

Explain what each area does in this context

A

Visuo-tactile neurons in parietal cortex- processing dynamic stimuli
Putamen- prepares/assists in body movement
Premotor cortex- prepares body for movements we need to make in a situation

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8
Q

Studies among both animals and humans have revealed that central PPS representations are largely mediated by these 3 brain areas:
Visuo-tactile neurons in parietal cortex
Putamen
Premotor cortex

These areas are all critical for movements. What does this tell us about our conceptualization of personal space?

A

movement area activation just in conceptualization of space shows that when someone infringes on our space, we make a plan for motor movements to escape

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9
Q

Individuals who suffer from BPD tend to have difficulties in the following areas: (2)

A

1) establishing their personal space

2) maintaining their personal space

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10
Q

t/f- Neurobiological research addressing personal space perception among individuals with BPD has yet to be thoroughly examined

A

true

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11
Q

How did this BPD study differ from many past studies in the field?

a. it had a much larger n
b. its internal validity was much higher
c. it lacked a control group
d. it used moving images to simulate an intrusion into personal space, as opposed to static pictures

A

d. it used moving images to simulate an intrusion into personal space, as opposed to static pictures

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12
Q

Which of the following emotions did the study NOT evaluate BPD responses to?

a. anger
b. disgust
c. surprise
d. neutral expression

A

c. surprise

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13
Q

BPD is associated with the following 4 symptoms

A

Elevated levels of neuroticism
Lowered levels of conscientiousness and agreeableness
Self-disgust
Non-suicidal self-injury

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14
Q

explain why people with BPD may engage in non-suicidal self-injury

A

used to express self-disgust

self-loathing in BPD might be result of continuing experience that other people find them disgusting- they have a perception that others find them disgusting - often associated w horrible relationships in one’s life early on in their development

feeling of rejection by others is internalized and transforms into self disgust

some argue that non-suicidal self injury are used to alleviate intense negative emotions, but could also serve function to express self-directed disgust

also reported as the only way to feel something apart from pain, confusion, and self-hate

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15
Q

people with BPD often have strong feelings of self-disgust and loathing- explain where this may originate and how it develops

A

often associated w horrible relationships in one’s life early on in their development
feeling of rejection by others is internalized and transforms into self disgust- they think others find them disgusting, internalize this, and develop self-disgust

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16
Q

t/f- many of the women in this BPD study were on antidepressants, neuroleptics, tranquilizers, or a combination of these

A

true

17
Q

s1: abuse (physical, sexual, often in childhood) is common in BPD
s2: BPD tends to be comorbid with other disorders (eg., depression, eating, anxiety)
which statement(s) are true?

A

both

18
Q

Borderline Symptom List

A

self rating instrument for BPD symptoms

19
Q

Questionnaire for the Assessment of Disgust Proneness (QADP)

A

describes 37 situations which must be judged on 5 point Likert scales- these points on Likert represent intensity of experienced disgust (eg. “you smell urine. how disgusted would you be?”)

20
Q

describe the 2 subscales of the Questionnaire for the Assessment of Self-Disgust (QASD)

A
  1. personal disgust- consists of devaluation of own physical appearance (eg. “I find myself repulsive”- “how much do you agree with this statement?”)
  2. behavioural disgust- devaluation of own behaviour (eg. “I regret my behaviour”- “how much do you agree with this statement?”)
21
Q

what does the trait scale of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory assess?

A

tendency to experience anger

22
Q

BONUS: PPD

A

preferred personal distance

23
Q

what are exploratory vs specific fMRI voxel analyses used for?

A

exploratory- used when unsure of how the neural activation will map out b/w participant groups
specific- based on prior literature that ID’d certain regions of interests (ROIs) implicated in the area of study

24
Q

in the BPD study, which of the following brain areas was NOT targeted as areas important for processing disgust, anger, neutrality, and motion in the specific fMRI assessments?
Amygdala
Insula
Premotor cortex
Putamen
Parietal regions
All of these were targeted in specific assessments

A

All of these were targeted in specific assessments

25
Q

in the BPD study, BPD patients scored higher on all the self-report measures EXCEPT:
Borderline Symptom List
The Questionnaire for the Assessment of Disgust Proneness (QADP)
The Questionnaire for the Assessment of Self-Disgust (QASD)
The trait scale of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory

A

The Questionnaire for the Assessment of Disgust Proneness (QADP)- asks people to rate intensity of experienced disgust

26
Q

t/f- people with BPD score higher on both the personal and behavioural disgust subscales of the Questionnaire for the Assessment of Self-Disgust (QASD)

A

true

27
Q

in the BPD study, which of the following were found through post-hoc analyses following a main effect being shown for emotion, image motion, and group (BPD vs control)?

1) BPD Patients provided higher arousal ratings than controls
2) Approaching faces were perceived as more arousing than still faces
3) Disgusted and angry faces were rated as eliciting more arousal than the neutral faces
4) All of these were shown
5) 1 & 2 only

A

4) All of these were shown

28
Q

in the BPD study, how did people rate…

a. approaching vs static faces?
b. disgusted/angry faces vs neutral faces?

A

Approaching faces were judged as being more negative than still faces
Disgusted and angry faces were rated as being more negative than neutral ones

29
Q

t/f- in the BPD study, fMRI showed lower amygdala activation for disgust and anger vs neutral faces

A

FALSE- GREATER ACTIVATION (amygdala responsible for processing emotionally salient info, especially with extreme emotions)

30
Q

_______ (approaching vs static- choose one) photos resulted in more activation in the right amygdala and many parietal regions. Fill in the blank and explain why this answer makes sense

A

approaching
makes sense- if someone is approaching you, especially within personal space, you must prepare yourself for action, which you do naturally (reflexive maneuvering)

31
Q

which of the following were more strongly activated among the BPD group (vs controls) with approaching faces of disgust?

a. amygdala
b. primary somatosensory cortex
c. secondary somatosensory cortex
d. all of these
e. b & c only

A

d. all of these

32
Q

in terms of neural activation, healthy people are more sensitive to expressions of ____, and people with BPD are more sensitive to expressions of ____
disgust, anger, neutrality, surprise- pick the correct 2

A

anger, disgust

33
Q

in the BPD study, fMRI data showed that self-disgust was positively associated with ____ (brain area) activation in BPD individuals

A

amygdala

34
Q 
in the BPD study, fMRI data showed that preferred personal distance (PPD) was positively associated with activation in all of these regions EXCEPT:
Parietal region
Primary somatosensory cortex
Intraparietal sulcus
Amygdala
All of these
A

Amygdala

35
Q

BONUS: t/f- the more someone engages in self loathing (personal and behavioural), the more they have a salient emotional response to the faces of another person

A

true

36
Q

BONUS: t/f- in the BPD study, amygdala activation was seen among both patients and controls for approaching faces

A

true

37
Q

from a biological/evolutionary perspective, why would it make more sense to have increased activation to anger than disgust? Why do people with BPD show more of a reaction to disgust?

A

anger can be indicative of aggression or intent to attack, which requires cascade of responses from amygdala activation to cognitive activation that leads to potential escape from situation
people w BPD often describe extreme level of self disgust, which becomes internalized to the point where they perceive others to experience revulsion in their company- becomes embedded in the self concept, triggering a strong emotional response, which is highlighted in the amygdala activation. History of invalidation (eg., through abuse) in BPD also plays a role in this

38
Q

what did the BPD study reveal?

A

just the imagined or predicted physical contact with an individual can lead to the activation of the neural regions involved in PPS processing

Psychology 302 (14 decks)

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