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Genetics and Genomics in Nursing > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Epigenetics means

A

Modifications to DNA that are not changes in the base sequence
Can be inherited

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2
Q

What are modifications to DNA that are not changes in the base sequence?

A

Changes to histones that alter structure of DNA
Methylation of DNA

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3
Q

What can modifications result from?

A

Parental diet
Environmental toxins
other factor (not understood)

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4
Q

What do Chromosomes consist of?

A

dsDNA wrapped and looped with DNA-binding proteins

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5
Q

The Chromatin structure contains

A

Nucleosomes

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6
Q

Nucleosomes has how many DNA wrapped around the histone proteins?

A

167 bp

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7
Q

The histone core consist of how many histone proteins?

A

8

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8
Q

3 descriptions on histones?

A

Small, positively charged, and DNA- binding proteins

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9
Q

What does Histone H1 binding to?

A

Binds to 20-22 bp DNA and clamps into nucleosome core

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10
Q

What are Histone acetylation?

A

Acetyltransferases add acetyl groups to lysine on histones. Which reduces positive charge of histone, loosens nucleosomes

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11
Q

Histone acetylation increases or decreases gene expression in the region

A

INCREASES

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12
Q
A
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12
Q

Histones can be methylated or phosphorylated. What is the difference?

A

Histone methylation can increase or decrease expression.
Histone phosphorylation can increase expression

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13
Q

What do modifications of histone proteins do?

A

Loosen the nucleosome packing of the DNA and make a gene available for transcription

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14
Q

TRUE OR FALSE Changes in chromatin structure impact access of transcriptional machinery to DNA

A

TRUE

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15
Q

What is chromatin remodeling?

A

moves nucleosomes to allow transcription factors and RNA polymerase access to promoter.

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16
Q

What is DNA methylation?

A

Methyl groups added to cytosines adjacent to guanines, usually represses transcription

17
Q

DNA methylation patterns can be passed down to what?

A

Progeny or descendants

18
Q

Changes to histones or changes in DNA methylation can impact whether a gene is express. Gene expression can be WHAT?

A

Turned up or turned down

19
Q

DNA sequence is not altered but methylation can do what?

A

turn off expression

20
Q

Area around oncogenes are often what?

A

Hypomethylated which means increase expression

21
Q

Areas around tumor suppressor genes are often what?

A

Hypermethylated: represses expression

22
Q

Agouti refers to what?

A

refers to hair with alternating dark and light bands, gives fur coat a mottled or grizzled appearance.

23
Q

In mice, the lethal yellow and viable yellow of agouti leads to what?

A

obesity in mice

24
Q

during the Diet of the mother during pregnancy in mice what impacts the agouti gene in offspring?

A

Methylation

25
Q

What is Genomic imprinting?

A

Type of epigenetics. Differential expression of gene depending on whether it was inherited from the mom or dad.

26
Q

What is angelman syndrome?

A

Deletion of maternal chromosome 15 from q11 to q13
Only paternal expression of alleles in this region
Developmental delay, microcephaly, progressively reduced cognition, seizure disorder
Affects everyone

27
Q

What is Prader-Willi Syndrome?

A

Deletion of paternal chromosome 15 from q11 to q13
Only maternal expression of alleles in the region
Affects everyone
Infants: poor sucking reflex and failure to thrive. Childhood: Insatiable appetite and obesity

28
Q

What is the human microbiome?

A

Collection of bacteria, and other microbes usually colonizing the body.m

29
Q

How many microbes in the human body?

A

30 trillion

30
Q

Since every person microbiome is different and changes, what are some things that can affect the microbiome?

A

Diet,stress,hormones, antibiotic use,

31
Q

Why is the microbiome important for good health?

A

Food digestion and production of vitamins
Protect against overgrowth of pathogens
Required for normal development of immune system

32
Q

What is Helicobacter pylori? H.Pylori

A

Produces urease to neutralize stomach pH in small microenvironment around bacteria.

33
Q

What is the complex interaction between H.Pylori and people when it comes to childern?

A

Colonization in young children may help prevent asthma

34
Q

What is a hygiene hypothesis suggests that?

A

Suggest that changes in human behavior has led to a loss of diversity in the human microbiota.

35
Q

What can lead to hygiene hypothesis?

A

Overuse of antibiotics
Dietary changes
Cesarean birth
Absence of breast-feeding

36
Q

C.Diff is what?

A

Sever watery diarrhea

37
Q

How is C. diff transmitted?

A

Spores are shed in feces or the hands of healthcare workers

38
Q

What is considered overweight and obese in the BMI

A

> 25=overweight
30 =obese

39
Q

What other health conditions are associated with obesity?

A

Heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, some cancers

40
Q

What is the BMI formula?

A

(weight in kg)/ (Height in m) ^2

41
Q

What contributing causes to obesity?

A

Genetic Contribution
Epigenetics
Microbiome
High caloric intake and poor quality of food
Physical inactivity
Insufficient sleep

Genetics and Genomics in Nursing (10 decks)

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