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COM: MSK (Midterm) COPY > Lecture 9: Neurulation & Ectodermal Derivatives > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Neurulation & Ectodermal Derivatives Flashcards

1
Q

What days comprise week 4 of human development?

A

Days 22-28

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2
Q

The notochord extends from _____ to _______

A

Primitive node (knot) anterior to Prechordal plate

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3
Q

The notochord provides signals for? What is the signal?

A

Development of axial musculoskeletal structures; Shh (sonic hedge hog)

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4
Q

The notochord induces which structure that will form what?

A

Neural plate; will form the CNS

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5
Q

What 3 structures come from axial skeleton?

A

Vertebrae
Ribs
Skull

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6
Q

What structures make up Neuroectoderm?

A
  • Neural Plate
  • Neural Groove
  • Neural Folds
  • Neural Tube
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7
Q

Describe steps of Neurulation?

A
  • Notochord releases Shh up to ectoderm, causes cells to turn on a new genetic program and become the Neural plate.
  • Neural plate cells begin to thicken, invaginate, and make neural folds, which form neural groove.
  • Neural crest cells begin to migrate away.
  • Surface ectoderm comes together and forms epidermis.
  • Neural folds come together and form a neural tube
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8
Q

Neural tube will be separated later into?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

Neural folds start to migrate and form a zipper in which directions?

A
  • Rostral direction (cephalad)

- Caudal direction

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10
Q

What days do the rostral neuropre and caudal neuropore close?

A
  • Rostral neuropore - Day 25

- Caudal neuropore - Day 28

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11
Q

Counting what will allow you to age embryo?

A

The somites

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12
Q

Cranial neural crest cell derivatives

A
  • Neurons and glia of cranial ganglia
  • Cartilage and bone of the face
  • Connective tissue of face
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13
Q

Trunk neural crest cell derivatives

A
  • Pigment cells
  • Sensory neurons and glia (pain & touch)
  • Sympathoadrenal cells and Schwann cells
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14
Q

Neurons formed from the neural crest

A
  • Certain cranial ganglia
  • Spinal ganglia (dorsal root ganglion)
  • Autonomic ganglia
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15
Q

Supporting cells from the neural crest

A
  • Neurilemma
  • Satellite cells of ganglia
  • Cells of leptomeninges (partly)
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16
Q

Pigment cells from the neural crest

A
  • Melanocytes of skin/internal organs

- Melanophores of uvea (but not of retina)

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17
Q

Endocrine cells from neural crest

A
  • C-cells of thyroid gland

- Chromaffin cells of suprarenal medulla

18
Q

Ectomesenchyme from the neural crest

A
  • Walls of large arteries from aortic arches
  • Substantia propria and posterior epithelium of cornea
  • Connective tissues of uvea and sclera
  • Ciliary muscles
  • Enamel and dentin
19
Q

Major neurocristopathies?

A
  • Aorticpulmonary septal defects of heart
  • Anterior chamber defects of eye
  • Cleft lip and/or cleft palate
  • DiGeorge syndrome
  • Waardenburg syndrome
  • Neuroblastoma
  • Albinism
20
Q

Which vitamin can significantly cut down neural tube defects?

A

Folic acid/Folate

21
Q

What are the two closed neural tube defects?

A
  • Spinal bifida occulta

- Meningocele

22
Q

What are the two open neural tube defects?

A
  • Meningomyelocele

- Myelocele (myeloschisis)

23
Q

Spinal bifida occulta

A
  • Neural tube slow to close
  • Lower spinous processes may be missing
  • Tuft of hair covering area
  • Pts. do not have sensory or motor issues
  • 10% of population affected
24
Q

Meningocele

A
  • Neural tube late in closing, vertebrate did not form an
    arch
  • Cyst like structure on lower back
  • Cyst/pocket contains cerebrospinal fluid
  • Spinal cord in proper location
  • Patients may or may not have problems with motor
    and/or sensory
25
Q

Meningomyelocele

A
  • Failure of caudal neuropore to close
  • Missing vertebral arches
  • Neural tube and meninges up in the cyst
  • Spinal cord in an improper location
  • Have motor and sensory defects
  • Trouble walking, bladder/bowel control, and general sensory issues
26
Q

Myelocele (myeloschisis)

A
  • Neural tube did not close at all/open to environment
  • Require immediate surgery due to high risk of infection
  • Motor and sensory defects below the lesion
27
Q

How can neural defects be diagnosed?

A
  • Amniocentesis on Mom and looking for Fetal Alpha Protein
28
Q

Anencephaly

A

Worst possible scenario, individuals die shortly after birth

29
Q

Two types of encephalocele

A
  • Encephalocele (with brain tissue)
  • Encephalocele (without brain tissue)

*May have severe or mild brain deficits.

30
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

A
  • Dura layer (pachymeninx) - Top
  • Arachnoid layer (leptomeninges) -middle
  • Pia layer (leptomeninges) - bottom
31
Q

Meninx primitive is ______ in origin, derived from cells of ______?

A
  • Mesoderm in origin

- Derived from cells of the sclerotome

32
Q

Dura mater is also know as _____ and derived from ______?

A
  • Pachymeninx

- Derived from mesoderm

33
Q

Folding of the embryo happens during which week?

A
  • Week 4
34
Q

First type of folding and what occurs?

A
  • Longitudinal
  • Early in 4th week septum transversum (diaphragm) is above (anterior) to the heart
  • Head folding down
  • Late in 4th week the septum transversum will now be below (posterior) to the heart
35
Q

Horizontal folding will form?

A

Intraembryonic coelom

36
Q

The intraembryonic coelom is the _____ layer of the lateral plate

A
  • Somatic
37
Q

What occurs during horizontal folding?

A
  • The somatic and splanchnic layer will come down and around forming the intraembryonic coelom.
38
Q

After horizontal folding anything touching the body or walls where ribs will eventually be is which layer?

A

Somatic layer of the lateral plate (somatopleury)

39
Q

After horizontal folding anything touching the midgut, gut tube, or yolk sac is which layer?

A

Splanchnic layer of the lateral plate (splanchnopleury)

40
Q

What does the neural tube develop from?

A

Ectoderm posterior (dorsal) to the notochord

41
Q

Which of the following statements about neurulation is not correct?
A) Neural crest cells migrate from the neuroectoderm before neural tube closes
B) Neural plate tissue invaginates to form a neural groove
C) The notochord induces neural plate formation
D) Neural crest cells induce the formation of brain

A

D) Neural crest cells induce the formation of brain

COM: MSK (Midterm) COPY (23 decks)

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