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General Biology > Lecture: Digestive, Renal, Endocrine, Reproductive System > Flashcards

Lecture: Digestive, Renal, Endocrine, Reproductive System Flashcards

0
Q

Name the two types of digestive systems.

A
  1. Intracellular Digestion (in cell)

2. Extracellular Digestion (outside cell)

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1
Q

Name the 4 stages of food processing in order & what they do.

A
  1. Ingestion (into organism)
  2. Digestion (breaks down and makes “building blocks”)
  3. Absorption (“building blocks” to blood)
  4. Elimination (anything that coma not be digested)
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2
Q

Which types of organisms have an Intracellular digestion?

A 
•Amoeba
-Phagocytize (to get stuff inside cells)
-Food vacuole
•Parameclum
-Covered with cilia
-Has oral groove where it pulls good and at the bottom that's where phagocytosis occurs
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3
Q

Describe extracellular digestion.

A 
•It's pouch-like
•Food goes through mouth
 -Pouch
 -Absorbed in cell 
 -Then back out the mouth
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4
Q

What 2 organisms go through extracellular digestion?

A
  1. Cnidarian (aka hydra)

2. Flatworm

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5
Q

Name the way of digestion for flat worms.

A
  • goes into the pouch
  • into to pharynx
  • breakdown/ building blocks
  • waste goes out the pharynx
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6
Q

Name some complex animals and their types of digestion.

A
  1. Humans- Tube System

2. Earthworms/ Birds- Crop&Gizzard

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7
Q

What is the difference between the crop and gizzard?

A
  • Crop- Stores

* Gizzard- Grinds

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8
Q

Why do birds and worms have gizzard/crop?

A

To aid in digestion because they have no teeth. That’s they are seen picking at/eating the dirt.

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9
Q

How does chewing aid in digestion?

A

By increasing surface area so enzymes could get at it.

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10
Q

Name the 3 places of digestion in order in the human digestive system

A
  1. Digestion in mouth
  2. Digestion in stomach
  3. Digestion in small intestine
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11
Q

What happens in digestion in the mouth?

A
  1. Chewing

2. Salivary amylase

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12
Q

What is/the purpose of salivary amylase?

A

It’s an enzyme that take the carbohydrates from food and breaks it down to monosaccharides.

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13
Q

Ph in mouth?

A

7

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14
Q

Is there space is the esophagus?

A

No it’s collapsed.

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15
Q

What is contained in digestion of stomach?

A
  1. Mucus
  2. Acid
  3. Pepsin (enzyme)
  4. Sphincter (bottom one is pinoric sphincter)
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16
Q

What is/purpose of sphincter

A
  • Circular smooth muscles

* One at beginning and end of stomach to keep contents and acid in.

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17
Q

What happens if sphincters are closed?

A

If closed there are waves of contraction still in stomach

•so everything mixes and hits walk of stomach, making chyme)

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18
Q

Define chime

A

Fluid in stomach

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19
Q

Pepsin’s optimal Ph & purpose

A

It’s acidic, so optimal at a Ph of about 2 & breaks down polypeptide chains.

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20
Q

Increase or decrease surface area?

A
  • Increase

* Increase SA=Increase diffusion

21
Q

Name the parts of digestion in the small intestine and what type of movement it is(define too).

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
    •Peristalsis movement (good going through your body)
22
Q

What does the lining consist of?

A

Villi and microvilli

23
Q

What is inside each villis & what is their function?

A
  • Lymph vessels- Picks up extra fluid and fat?

* Blood Capillaries- Pick up monosaccharides and amino acids

24
Q

Where do ulcers occur?

A

In the duodenum

25
Q

Where is and define gastric pit.

A
  • In the lining of the stomach, in the mucosa.

* It secretes mucus on top

26
Q

Name the 2 cell types in the gastric pit and their function.

A
  • Chief Cells- secrete proteins (pepsin)

* Parietal Cells- release HCL

27
Q

What does the pancreas secrete? Where does it come from, and function.

A
  • Secretes bicarbonate (HCO3-)
  • Comes from plasma.
  • Picks up hydrogen ions, so neutralize HCL coming from acid.
28
Q

Name the 4 enzymes in the pancreas and what they work on/ turn into.

A
  • Trypsin- Works with Proteins➡️AminoAcids
  • Chymotrypsin- Works with Proteins➡️AminoAcids
  • Lipase- Works on lipids/Fats➡️FattyAcids
  • Pancreatic Amylase- Breaks down Carbohydrates➡️ Glucose (monosaccharides)
29
Q

Which 2 enzymes have the same job from mouth and pancreas?

A

•Salivary Amylase & Pancreatic Amylase

30
Q

What happens when large intestine absorbs too much water?

A

Constipation

31
Q

What happens when large intestine doesn’t absorb enough water?

A

Diarrhea

32
Q

Describe appendix & where would appendicitis occur?

A
  • Is small like pinky finger

* This occurs in lower right quadrant

33
Q

Human digestion v. cow digestion

A
  • Humans cannot digest cellulose.

* Cows could. They regurgitate, grind, use cellulose energy (chewing their cud)

34
Q

What 4 systems in humans work together ?

A
  1. Digestive
  2. Circulatory
  3. Respiratory
  4. Urinary
35
Q

Name 2 structures in the liver

A
  • Hepatic Portal Vein

* Gallbladder (which stores bile)

36
Q

Where does food meet?

A

Duodenum

37
Q

How many capillary beds in portal system?

A

2

38
Q

Tell the order from portal system & why?

A

•Hepatic portal vein, Liver (for detoxification), heart, then body.

39
Q

What happens in large intestine?

A
  • No digestion (only 4% of food absorbed)

* Water absorption (main thing it digests)

40
Q

What the significance of E-Coli.

A

We get vitamin K from it which is good for blood clotting.

41
Q

Way of Feces & what opens

A

•Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus where sphincters open to allow feces out.

42
Q

What happens with big droplets in duodenum?

A

•Big goblets of fat cells decrease SA so Bile is needed to get it ready for Lipase.
•Turn into little droplets (emulsification).
•Ready for use of Lipase
*BILE DOES NOT GET DIGESTED

43
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

•Maintaining equilibrium

-where things should be

44
Q

Function of kidney

A

To maintain homeostasis with appropriate pH (enzymes) when it comes to K+/Na+

45
Q

Anatomy of renal system

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
46
Q

Name the way of Secretion (Filtration)

A

Peritubular Capillary (blood)➡️Nephron

47
Q

Name the way of reabsorption.

A

When the “goodies” from the nephron go to the blood capillary

48
Q

What happens in the glomerulus?

A

•Filtration of the blood

-Cells and proteins are retained in capillaries

49
Q

What is filtered and what is secreted in distal (convoluted) tubule?

A
  • Reabsorbs Na+

* Secretes K+

50
Q
  • Collecting duct with water urine?

* Collecting duct with concentrated?

A
  • H2O not reabsorbed

* H2O reabsorbed (Aldosterone, ADH/AVP)

General Biology (1 decks)

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