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A&P > Lecture Exam #1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Structure/function relationship

A

structure determines function

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2
Q

Anatomy is…

A

the study of structure

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3
Q

Physiology is…

A

the study of the function of the structures

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4
Q

6 levels of body organization

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organs
  5. Systems
  6. Organism
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5
Q

Cells

A

the basic unit of life

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6
Q

Tissues

A

group of cells with a specific function

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7
Q

Organs

A

2 or more different tissues with a specific function and distinct shape

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8
Q

4 basic tissue types

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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9
Q

6 characteristics of living human organism

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Process of Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Growth
  5. Differentiation
  6. Reproduction
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10
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of al the reactions in the body

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11
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

break structures down to release energy

complex -> simple

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12
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

building or making a structure (synthesis)

simple -> complex

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13
Q

Differentiation

A

unspecialized -> specialized

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14
Q

Process of responsiveness

A

ability to detect and respond to change in external and internal environments

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15
Q

Hormones

A

product of the endocrine glands travel through the blood stream

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16
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of cells

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17
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in the growth of the size of the cell

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18
Q

Stem cells

A

retain potential to divide and differentiate into specialized cells

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19
Q

Cellular reproduction (MITOSIS)

A

formation of new body cells, for tissue growth, repair, or replacement of cells

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20
Q

Sexual reproduction (MEIOSIS)

A

reproduction of a NEW individual/production of sex cells

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21
Q

Homeostasis

A

condition in which the body’s internal environment remains consistent within certain physiological limits

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22
Q

Importance of homeostasis

A

body needs to remain at a steady, equal level to maintain health

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23
Q

Communicators

A

nervous system and endocrine system

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24
Q

Example of Homeostasis

A

BP: as heart rate goes up, BP goes up. Body tries to lower HR to lower BP

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25
Q

Nervous system

A

detects change and communicates info to EFFECTOR

very fast, localized

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26
Q

Endocrine system

A

detects change and communicates info to EFFECTOR

blood stream -> target, slow response time, systemic effect (more widespread)

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27
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

liquid within the cell

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28
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

liquid outside/between the cells

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29
Q

Plasma

A

fluid component of blood

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30
Q

Whole blood

A

plasma + RBC + WBC

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31
Q

Feedback system

A

corrects imbalances in the body

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32
Q

Negative feedback system (-)

A

most common to correct, response reverses stimulus (ex: BP)

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33
Q

Positive feedback system (+)

A

response enhances or intensifies stimulus (ex: birth labor)

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34
Q

Disorder

A

general term to describe abnormal structure & function

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35
Q

Disease

A

illness characterized by recognizable “vital signs” and symptoms

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36
Q

Signs

A

changes that can be observed or measured

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37
Q

Symptoms

A

felt by the patient but not apparent to observer

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38
Q

Local disease

A

different systems of the body

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39
Q

Systemic disease

A

widespread throughout the body

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40
Q

Diagnosis

A

trying to determine what disease the patient has utilizing the signs and symptoms

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41
Q

2 classes of compounds

A

inorganic and organic

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42
Q

Inorganic

A

simple, small, usually do not contain carbon except 3, measured in acid or base

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43
Q

Organic

A

large, complex, contains carbon

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44
Q

pH levels

A

0———7———14

acid neutral base

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45
Q

pH of 7

A

7, neutral, hydrogen ions = hydroxyl ions

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46
Q

pH < 7

A

acidic, hydrogen ions greater than hydroxyl ions

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47
Q

pH > 7

A

basic or alkaline, hydrogen ions less than hydroxyl ions

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48
Q

Stomach pH

A

1.2-3

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49
Q

Bile pH

A

7.8-8.6

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50
Q

Blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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51
Q

If blood pH is less than 7.3…

A

acidosis, more hydrogen ion concentration

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52
Q

Acidosis

A 
hypo-ventilation
decreased activity of the nervous system
1. disoriented 
2. coma
3. lethal
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53
Q

If blood pH is more than 7.45…

A

alkalosis, less hydrogen ion concentration

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54
Q

Alkalosis

A 
hyperventilation
increase the activity of the nervous system
1. agitated and nervous 
2. muscle spasms
3. compulsions & death
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55
Q

Carbohydrates

A

sugar

source of chemical energy

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56
Q

Monosaccharides

A

1 sugar unit, generally soluble in water, sweet

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57
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 sugar units, generally soluble in water, sweet, combined by dehydration synthesis

58
Q

Sucrose formula

A

Glucose + Fructose = table sugar

59
Q

Lactose formula

A

Glucose + Galactose = milk sugar

60
Q

Maltose formula

A

Glucose + Glucose = sugar made from plants

61
Q

Ends in ASE

A

enzyme

62
Q

Ends in OSE

A

sugar

63
Q

Lipids

A

fats

64
Q

Lactose intolerant

A

people who do not have the enzyme lactase

65
Q

Characteristics of polysaccharides

A

10-100s units of sugar
not soluble in water
usually not sweet
can be stored

66
Q

Glycogen

A

stored form of glucose, made from glucose monomers, stored in skeletal muscle (75%) and liver (25%)

67
Q

Functions of lipids

A 
protection (cushion) 
insulation
major form of chemical energy 
important monomers (steroids)
hydrophobic
68
Q

Synthesize a triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids + glycerol molecule

69
Q

Being unsaturated causes

A

kink or bend = makes it more liquid

70
Q

Nucleic acid

A

DNA and RNA

71
Q

Phospholipids

A

polar head: HYDROPHILIC soluble in water

non-polar tails: HYDROPHOBIC does not like to be near water

72
Q

Steroids (3 parts)

A
  1. component of animal cell plasma membrane
  2. steroid hormones
  3. cholesterol used to make steroids
73
Q

Cholesterol

A

used to make steroids
made from liver, from diet
needed to make cells

74
Q

Steroids made by cholesterol

A

estrodial
testosterone
cortisol

75
Q

Lipoprotein

A

helps transport lipids in the water environment of plasma in the blood

76
Q

Lipoproteins transport…

A

triglycerides, steroids, cholesterol

77
Q

HDL- high density lipoproteins

A

more of these lipoproteins for good cardiovascular health, will take excess cholesterol and transport it to the liver so the liver can get rid of it

78
Q

LDL- low density lipoproteins

A

less for good cardiovascular health, will take cholesterol and transport to cells for use in plasma membrane, but will take excess and deposit to the lumen of blood vessels

79
Q

6 different functions of proteins

A
  1. structural feature (PM)
  2. regulatory (protein hormones like insulin)
  3. contractile function (muscle proteins like actin & myosin)
  4. immunological (immunoglobin)
  5. transport (hemoglobin/lipoprotein)
  6. catalytic function (enzymes)
80
Q

Immunoglobin

A

antibody, protein that defends body

81
Q

Amino acids

A

building block of protein (covalently bonded)

82
Q

2 amino acids

A

dipeptide

83
Q

3 amino acids

A

tripeptide

84
Q

4-9 amino acids

A

peptide

85
Q

10-20,000 amino acids

A

polypeptide (protein)

86
Q

-50 amino acids

A

small peptide

87
Q

1 aa + 1 aa = 2 aa

A

dipeptide

88
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

taking out H2O to bind together

89
Q

Hydrolysis

A

adding H2O to separate

90
Q

Primary structure

A

amino acid sequence

91
Q

Secondary structure

A

twisting and folding of neighboring amino acids (stabilized by hydrogen bonds)

92
Q

Tertiary structure

A

3 dimensional shape of polypeptide chain

93
Q

Denature of DNA

A

away from natural shape, caused by heat and pH change

94
Q

Renature of DNA

A

returning to natural shape

95
Q

Hemoglobin

A

protein inside RBC

96
Q

To cause hemolysis, add ______ solution

A

hypotonic

97
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

hemoglobin stretches the cell to form sickled cell, cell can no longer do it’s job, creates blood clotting

98
Q

Enzymes

A

acts as a glue or tape, or molecular scissors, speeds up chemical reaction w/o being altered or consumed

99
Q

Glucose + galactose =

A

lactose (milk sugar)

100
Q

3 properties of enzymes

A
  1. highly specific
  2. very efficient
  3. under cellular control
101
Q

Sucrase substrate

A

sucrose

102
Q

Lactase substrate

A

lactose

103
Q

Enzyme efficiency

A

increases rate of chemical reaction at normal body temp, 1 enzyme could catalyze up to 600,000 substrate molecules/sec

104
Q

What does a cell do for an enzyme?

A

can increase or decrease the amount of enzyme based on need

105
Q

Where can you find enzymes?

A

inside the plasma membrane, in the extracellular fluid, in the plasma of the blood vessel, in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract

106
Q

DNA stands for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

107
Q

RNA stands for

A

Ribonucleic acid

108
Q

How is DNA and RNA related to protein?

A

DNA from the nucleus transcribes (makes) RNA which then goes into the cytoplasm where protein synthesis takes place = make protein

109
Q

Nucleotides

A

monomers of nucleic acids

110
Q

3 components of nucleotides in DNA molecule

A
  1. phosphate group
  2. sugar
  3. bases
111
Q

DNA molecule

A

nucleotides, double stranded, forms helix

112
Q

RNA molecule

A

single stranded, nucleotides

113
Q

3 components of nucleotides in RNA molecule

A
  1. phosphate group
  2. sugar
  3. bases
114
Q

DNA bases

A

A=T and G=C

115
Q

RNA bases

A

A=U and G=C

116
Q

ATP stands for

A

adenosine triphosphate (3 phosphate groups)

117
Q

ADP stands for

A

adenosine diphosphate (2 phosphate groups)

118
Q

Cell energy formula

A

ADP + phosphate + energy = ATP + H2O —> ATP + H2O > ADP + phosphate + energy

119
Q

What do we do with energy made from ATP?

A

muscle contractions, movement of chromosomes, transport of substances across cell membranes, synthesis (anabolic reactions)

120
Q

3 principle parts of a cell

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. cytoplasm/cytosol, organelles
  3. nucleus
121
Q

3 types of lipids in PM

A
  1. phospholipids
  2. cholesterol
  3. glycolipids
122
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A
  1. ion channels
  2. carrier
  3. receptors
  4. enzymes
123
Q

Ion channels

A

allows specific ions to make it through PM, passive process, concentration gradient

124
Q

Carrier

A

transports specific substances across membrane by changing shape, passive process, transportation gradient

125
Q

Receptors

A

receives info

126
Q

Ligand

A

molecule received or recognized by receptor

127
Q

Insulin

A

protein hormone that regulates blood sugar

128
Q

Membrane permeable

A

can move directly through the phospholipid bilayer, lipid soluble

129
Q

Membrane impermeable

A

requires ion channel/carrier/transporter

130
Q

Macromolecule

A

large, many are proteins, enter the cell by process called endocytosis, exit by exocytosis

131
Q

Gradients

A

difference created along PM

difference along the outside cell PM and the inner side of the cell PM

132
Q

Electrical gradient

A

charged different across PM

133
Q

Cells at rest

A

RMP (resting membrane potential)

134
Q

Action potential

A

getting cell to work, change the charge of PM, (-) on outside (+) on inside, vice versa

135
Q

Concentration (chem) gradient

A

chemical difference across PM

136
Q

Primary PASSIVE transport (sodium-potassium pump)

A

keeps sodium high on the outside of the cell, maintains concentration gradient, Na+ - K+ ATPase pump

137
Q

Cyanide poison

A

works by preventing ATP production, no ATP made by cell

138
Q

Secondary ACTIVE transport

A

against concentration gradient/uses ATP indirectly, antiporters/symporters

139
Q

Antiporters

A

ions travel in opposite direction across membrane

140
Q

Symporters

A

both ions enter cell through the same symporter

141
Q

Membrane potential

A

charge across the plasma membrane

A&P (4 decks)

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