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Human Anatomy > Lecture Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Center of the cardiovascular system

A

the heart

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2
Q

_________ carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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3
Q

__________ carry blood towards the heart

A

veins

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4
Q

Arteries and veins leaving the heart are called

A

the great vessels

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5
Q

how is back flow of blood prevented in the heart

A

valves

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6
Q

Where is the heart located

A

left of the body midline posterior to the sternum in the middle mediastinum

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7
Q

Three surfaces of the heart

A

sternocostal, diaphragmatic, and pulmonary

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8
Q

four borders of the heart

A

right, inferior, left, superior

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9
Q

the heart is located in the ________ sac

A

pericardial

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the pericardium

A

restricts heart movements so that it doesn’t bounce and move about in the thoracic cavity and prevents the heart from overfilling with blood

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11
Q

How many layers of pericardium are there?

A

3:

  • fibrous
  • parietal
  • visceral
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12
Q

the pericardial cavity is full of ________

A

serous fluid

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13
Q

three layers of the heart wall

A
  • epicardium: attached directly to visceral pericardium
  • Myocardium: heart muscle
  • Endocardium: inner wall
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14
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue

A
  • short, branched fibers
  • numerous mitochondria
  • striated
  • fibers contract as a single unit
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15
Q

What do intercalated discs do?

A

electrically and mechanically link the heart muscle fibers together and permit the immediate passage of nerve impulses

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16
Q

Chambers of the heart

A

Right and Left Atria and Ventricle

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17
Q

Base of the heart

A

Left Atria

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18
Q

The Pulmonary trunk carries blood from the ___________ to the _________

A

The pulmonary trunk carries blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary circuit

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19
Q

The aorta conducts blood from the _____________ to the ____________

A

the aorta conducts blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circuit

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20
Q

What marks the border between the ventricles and the atria

A

the coronary sulcus

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21
Q

What marks the border between the left and right ventricles?

A

the anterior interventricular sulcus and the posterior interventicular sulcus

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22
Q

What connects the aortic arch to the pulmonary trunk?

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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23
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

big vein that collects blood from the heart circuit and dumps it back into the right atrium

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24
Q

what provides electrical insulation and anchors the heart valves

A

fibrous skeleton

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25
Q

what are the functions of the fibrous skeleton

A
  • seperates the atria and the ventricles
  • anchor heart valves
  • provides electrical insulation
  • provides a rigid framework for the attachment of cardiac muscle tissue
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26
Q

What vessels empty into the right atrium

A
  • inferior vena cava
  • superior vena cava
  • coronary sinus
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27
Q

How does blood leave the right atrium

A

through the right AV valve or tricuspid valve`

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28
Q

What forms a wall between the right and left atria

A

the interatrial septum

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29
Q

oval indentation in the interatrial septum that is open before birth

A

Fossa Ovalis

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30
Q

Wall between the ventricles

A

interventricular septum

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31
Q

what are the papillary muscles

A

nipple shapped muscles anchoring the chordae tendonae to the muscle wall

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32
Q

What do the chordae tendonae do?

A

prevent valves from prolapse (opening the other way)

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33
Q

How does blood leave the right ventricle

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

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34
Q

How does blood leave the left ventricle

A

aortic semilunar valve

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35
Q

How does blood enter the left atrium

A

pulmonary veins

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36
Q

what muscles are along the anterior wall of the left atrium

A

pectinate muscles

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37
Q

The base of the heart is the _________

A

left atrium

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38
Q

How does blood leave the left atrium

A

the left AV valve or bicuspid valve or mitral valve

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39
Q

The ________ is the largest of the heart chambers

A

left ventricle

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40
Q

Why are the muscle walls of the left ventricle about 3x larger than the muscle walls of the right ventricle

A

contraction needs enough pressure to get through entire systemic circuit

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41
Q

where does the muscle contraction begin in the heart

A

SA node

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42
Q

The heart is innervated by the ________ nervous system

A

autonomic

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43
Q

What slows down the SA nerve to lower Heart rate

A

the vagus nerve (parasympathetic)

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44
Q

What nerve increases heart rate

A

cardiac nerve (sympathetic)

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45
Q

What arteries stem from the right coronary artery

A

marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery

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46
Q

what arteries stem from the left coronary artery

A

anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery

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47
Q

Where are the left and right coronary arteries located

A

in the coronary sulcus/atrioventricular groove

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48
Q

characteristics of arteries

A

elastic, muscular, arterioles

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49
Q

Capillary wall consists of mostly __________________

A

endothelial cells

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50
Q

Three types of capillaries

A

Continous
fenestrated
sinusoid

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51
Q

what regulates blood flow in arterioles, met arterioles, and precapillary sphincters

A

smooth muscle

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52
Q

Three layers of arteries and veins

A
  • tunica intima: endothelium
  • tunica media: vasoconstriction/vasodilation
  • tunica adventitia: merges with connective tissue
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53
Q

how does blood get back to the heart from the veins

A
  • no BP left
  • need valves to keep blood going in the correct direction
  • skeletal muscle pump assists blood flow
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54
Q

Arteriovenous anastomoses

A

allow blood to flow from arterioles to small veins without passing through capillaries

55
Q

What is the largest organ in the lymphatic system

A

the spleen

56
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • reabsorbs excess interstitial fluid
  • transports dietary lipids
  • initiates an immune respons
57
Q

The lymph network begins with microscopic vessels called ______________

A

lymphatic capillaries

58
Q

what do lymphatic capillaries do

A

pick up interstitial fluid

-flow in one direction: one way valves

59
Q

The small intestine contains special types of lymphatic capillaries called __________

A

lacteals

60
Q

What do lacteals pick up?

A

interstitial fluid, dietary lipids, lipid soluable vitamins

61
Q

Where does the thoracic duct sits next to the __________________ veins, against the _____________

A

azygos and hemiaygos veins against the spinal column

62
Q

the thoracic duct collects lymph from what body parts

A

legs, abdomen, thorax

63
Q

Where does lymph accumulate

A

cisterna chyli

64
Q

What is drained by the right lymphatic duct

A

right arm, right thoracic, right side of head

65
Q

Types of Lymphocytes

A
  • T-lymphocytes
  • B-Lymophocytes
  • Natural Killer Cells
66
Q

what is an antigen

A

foreign substance that the body does not want

67
Q

What are the two types of B cells and their functions?

A
  • Plasma: produces antibodies to attack antigens

- Memory: produced when exposed to certain antigen so when exposed again will start response immediately

68
Q

where do t-lymphocytes mature

A

thymus

69
Q

where do b-lymphocytes mature

A

bone marrow

70
Q

what are the two types of T cells

A
  • Helper: assist B cells

- Cytotoxic: kill foreign cells

71
Q

The thymus continues to grow until

A

puberty

72
Q

Do adults have a thymus

A

no, it atrophies and becomes almost nonfunctional

73
Q

what are lymph nodes

A

small structures located along the pathways of lymph vessels

74
Q

Where are lymph nodes found?

A

axillary, inguinal, cervical

75
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

filter antigens and initiate immune response

76
Q

What are tonsils

A

large clusters of lymphatic cells and extracellular matrix that are no completely surrounded by a connective tissue capsule

77
Q

several groups of tonsils form a protective ring around the ___________

A

pharynx

78
Q

Three types of tonsils

A
  • pharyngeal or adenoids
  • palatine
  • lingual
79
Q

What are the functions of the spleen

A
  • initiates an immune response when antigens are found in the blood (a white pulp function)
  • serves as a reservoir for erythrocytes and platelets (red pulp function)
  • Phagocytizes old, defective erythrocytes and platelets (red pulp)
  • phagocytizes bacteria and other foreign materials
80
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A

Skin and its derivatives (nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands)

81
Q

What is the largest organ in the body

A

the integument

82
Q

the epithelium of the integument…..

A

protects underlying body layers

83
Q

the blood vessels in the connective tissues of the integument provide what?

A

nutrients, strength, and resilience

84
Q

what controls both blood vessel diameter and hair position

A

smooth muscle

85
Q

what supports and monitors sensory receptors in the skin

A

neural tissue

86
Q

Most superficial layer of skin

A

epidermis

87
Q

the epidermis is made of_____________ cells

A

stratified squamous epithelium

88
Q

layer of dense connective tissue deep to the epithelium

A

dermis

89
Q

where is the subcutaneous/hypodermis layer

A

deep to the dermis

90
Q

what does the hypodermis consist of?

A

areolar and adipose tissue, subcutaneous fat is where 1/2 bodys fat can be found

91
Q

sensory cells in skin

A

tactile (merkel) cell

92
Q

what does a melanocyte do

A

provides color

93
Q

layers of epidermis from superficial to deep

A
  • stratum corneum
  • stratum lucidium
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum basale
94
Q

Types of skin cancer

A
  • Basal Cell Carcinoma
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  • Melanoma
95
Q

Where is thick skin epidermis found

A

palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and corresponding surfaces of the fingers and toes

96
Q

How many epidermal strata occur in thick skin?

A

All 5

  • stratum corneum
  • stratum lucidium
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum basale
97
Q

Where is thin skin epidermis found?

A

everywhere but the palms of hands and soles of the feet

98
Q

What epidermal strata layer does thin skin lack

A

stratum lucidum

99
Q

what are the functions of the skin?

A

-protection
-prevention of water loss
-temperature regulation
-metabolic regulation
immune defense
-sensory reception
-excretion

100
Q

What determines skin color?

A

blood (hemoglobin), melanin, carotene

101
Q

Where are friction ridges found

A

fingers, palms, soles, and toes

102
Q

How are friction ridges formed

A

formed from large folds and valleys of both dermal and epidermal tissue

103
Q

What do friction ridges do

A

increase friction to allow for grabbing things etc

-can leave noticeable prints on touched surfaces due to sebaceous oil glands

104
Q

overgrowth of melanocytes

A

Nevus or Mole

105
Q

Overproduction of melanin

A

freckles

106
Q

Capillary hemangioma

A

strawberry colored birthmark

107
Q

cavernous hemangioma

A

port-wine stain

108
Q

What are the layers of the dermis made of?

A

cells of connective tissue, collagen fibers, elastic and reticular fibers

109
Q

Lines of cleavage

A

tension lines in the skin that identify the predominant orientation of collagen fiber bundles

110
Q

clinical significance of lines of cleavage

A

make incisions along line of cleavage for faster healing

111
Q

what stratum of the epidermis to nails come from

A

nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum corneum

112
Q

Hair is found everywhere on the body except

A
  • palms
  • sides/soles of feet
  • lips
  • sides of fingers and toes
  • portions of external genitalia
113
Q

What are the functions of hair

A
  • protection
  • heat retention
  • facial expression
  • sensory reception
  • visual identification
  • chemical signal dispersal
114
Q

hair color is a result of

A

the synthesis of melanin in the matrix adjacent to the papillae

115
Q

why does hair lose its color as we age

A

loss of melanin

116
Q

Types of sweat glands

A

merocrine and apocrine

117
Q

where are apocrine sweat glands

A

groin and armpit: sweat contains fat and protein that smells

118
Q

What do sebaceous glands produce

A

an oily material that coats hair shafts and the epidermal surface

119
Q

ceruminous glands

A

ear wax

120
Q

mammary glands

A

modified apocrine sweat glands

121
Q

Joint or articulation

A

place of contact between bones, bone to cartilage, or bones to teeth

122
Q

What determines joint stability

A
  • bony structure
  • strength of surrounding muscles
  • ligaments
  • tendons
123
Q

Immovable joint

A

synarthoses (skull)

124
Q

Slightly moveable joint

A

amphiarthroses (vertebra)

125
Q

Freely moveable joint

A

diarthroses (hip)

126
Q

Fibrous joint

A

bound by fibrous connective tissue

  • Immovable or only slightly movable
  • no joint cavity
127
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

unite two bones by either fibrocatrilage or hyaline cartilage

128
Q

Synovial Joint

A

Freely movable joint filled with synovial fluid

129
Q

3 types of fibrous joints

A

-Gomphoses: teeth only!
-suture: skull
Syndesmosis: fibrous…between radius and ulna

130
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints

A
  • synchondroses: Hyaline cartilage: epiphyseal plate or rib to sternum
  • Symphyses: Fibrocartilage: Invtervertebral disk, symphysis pubis
131
Q

Basic features of synovial joints

A
  • articular capsule: contains fluid
  • synovial membrane: secretes fluid
  • articular cartilage
  • ligaments
  • tendons
  • bursae: small pads to reduce friction
132
Q

Types of movement in synovial joints

A
  • uniaxial: elbow
  • biaxial: wrist
  • multiaxial: shoulder
133
Q

Types of synovial joints (6)

A
  • planar/gliding: wrist
  • saddle: base of thumb
  • condyloid: metacarpalpalangeal
  • hinge: elbow
  • pivot: atlas to dens or axis or radial ulnar
  • ball and socket: hip and shoulder

Human Anatomy (3 decks)

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