Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P > Lecture Exam #2 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A 
forms glands
can undergo cell division (mitosis)
cells tightly packed, many layers
avascular
innervated (has nerve supply)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Connective Tissue

A 
blood and bone tissue are connective
cells scattered
large amounts of extracellular matrix 
vascular
innervated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Histology

A

when you examine tissues with a microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pathology

A

when you examine tissues for any changes from normal (may indicate diseases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Biopsy

A

removal of living tissue to examine for changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Basement membrane

A

support of epithelium

attach layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Adjacent cell

A

tight junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Adherens junction

A

near apical surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Desmosome

A

weld for basal surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

weld for basal surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gap junction

A

different for communication between cells, helps to synchronize cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium function

A

secretion and absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Non ciliated simple - columnar epithelium

A

microvilli
goblet cell
function: secretion, absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

cilia
goblet cells
function: cilia move themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Example of ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

mucus secreted by the goblet cells can move an egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Psuedo stratified columnar epithelium

A

non ciliated

cilia and goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

keratonized: skin
non keratonized
function: protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones directly into blood stream
regulate and maintain homeostasis
“communicators”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Exocrine glands

A 
secretes products into ducts that empty onto a surface (covering/lining epithelium)
function is determined by products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Example of products secreted by exocrine glands

A

sweat, oil, earwax, salivary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Goblet cell definition and function

A

single cell exocrine gland, secretes mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Connective tissue structure

A

scattered cells, extracellular matrix, mostly vascularized, innervated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Connective tissue function

A

support/strengthen, protection, insulation, compartmentalize, transport, energy reserve, defense system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Connective tissue: function: compartmentalize

A

separate skeletal muscle into bundles (or compartments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Connective tissue: function: transport

A

through the blood (which is connective)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Adipose tissue

A

stores lipids (fuel source)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Two basic elements of connective tissue

A

cells, matrix, and mesenchymal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Connective tissue matrix

A

ground substance, made from fibers, H2O, polysaccharides, and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do mesenchymal cells do?

A

gives rise to ALL types of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Embryo

A

1-2 months of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Fetus

A

3-9 months of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cell name ends in “blast”

A

immature cells, retains ability to devide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cell name ends in “cyte”

A

mature cells, ability to devide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Fibroblast

A

large, immature cells, migrate within ground substance of matrix of CT, make matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Adipocytes

A

fat cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Mast Cells

A

kill bacteria, respond to allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

White Blood Cell: leukocyte

A

can leave blood stream and enter tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Macrophage

A

differentiated from WBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Plasma cell

A

becomes lymphocyte and becomes plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Ground substances

A

plasma, semifluid, gelatin, calcified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Ground substance functions

A 
support cells
holds cells together 
can store water 
exchange material between blood vessels and cells of CT
role in how CT develops
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Components of ground substance

A

water, large organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

GAGS & proteoglycans

A

helps movement in area of joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Over-the-counter GAGS

A

condroitin sulfate, glucosamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What do OTC GAGS do?

A

promote/maintain structure/function of joint cartilage
relieves osteoarthritis pain
decrease inflammation at joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

3 types of fibers in connective tissues

A

collagen
elastic
reticular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Collagen

A 
made by fibroblasts
found in bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
bundled together in parallel fibers
gives strength/flexibility
depletes with age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Elastic

A

made by fibroblasts
made of the protein, “elastin”
found in skin, blood vessels, lung tissue
stretches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Reticular

A 
made by fibroblasts
made of the protein, "collagen" 
thin fibers
mesh/net
found in adipose tissues
for support and strength
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Mature connective tissue cells

A

made of adipocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Two types of mature connective tissues

A

white adipose tissue in adults

brown adipose tissue in fetus’ and newborns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Functions of mature connective tissue

A

insulates the body/reduces heat loss
fuel source (as lipids)
support/protect organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Dense regular connective tissue structure

A

collagen fibers

shiny, white, tough connective fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Dense regular connective tissue function

A

strong attachment between various structures: tendons and ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Tendons

A

attach skeletal muscle to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Ligaments

A

attach bone to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Aponeuroses

A

sheet-like tendon that attaches muscle to bone, muscle to muscle, and covers rectus abdominus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Dense regular connective tissue cartilage characteristics

A

avascular

not innervated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Dense regular connective tissue cartilage types

A

hyaline, articular, fibrocartilage, elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

most abundant in the body
at joints, ends of long bone, coastal
lacunal contain chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Articular cartilage

A

general term for cartilage in the joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Fibrocartilage structure

A

chondrocytes amongst clearly visible, thick bundles of collagen fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Fibrocartilage function

A

support, joins structures together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Elastic cartilage structure

A

threadlike network of elastic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Elastic cartilage function

A

strength, elasticity, maintains shape and structure

66
Q

What is skin?

A

cutaneous membrane, largest organ in the body

67
Q

2 layers of skin

A

epidermis

dermis

68
Q

Epidermis layer

A

keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium

69
Q

Keratinocyte

A

protein for protection

70
Q

Dermis layer

A

connective tissue, vascularized

71
Q

*Subcutaneous layer

A

below the skin, adipose tissue, vascularized, drugs sometimes administered here for time -delayed delivery

72
Q

Dermis receptors

A

pressure & touch: associated w sensory nerves

pain: free nerve endings

73
Q

Dermis glands

A

sebaceous (oil)

sweat (eccrine & apocrine)

74
Q

Skin functions

A 
regulation of body temps
storage of blood
protects body from external environment 
acidic pH 
melanin
immune function 
detects cutaneous sensations
excretes and absorbs substances
synthesis of vitamin D
75
Q

Skin function: regulation of body temps

A

sweat glands = exocrine ducts

76
Q

What is sweat?

A

H2O, salts, waste products

77
Q

Skin function: storage of blood

A

large surface area, large blood supply

78
Q

Hey Christina, you got this!! You’re gonna be a dentist remember????

A

keep going!!!!!

79
Q

Skin function: protection: keratin

A

protects against microbes, heat, limited chem damage

80
Q

Skin function: protection: lipids

A

packaged in lamellar granules, waterproofs the skin

81
Q

Skin function: protection: sebum

A

from sebaceous glands, bacteriacidal chem, found on skin near hair follicles, prevents drying

82
Q

Skin function: protection: acidic pH

A

from sweat glands, kills microbes

83
Q

Skin function: protection: melanin

A

pigment, skin’s natural “sunscreen”

84
Q

Skin function: protection: immune function

A

physical barrier = defense cells

85
Q

Skin function: protection: detects cutaneous sensations

A

touch, pressure, and pain receptors

receives info > nervous system > brain

86
Q

Skin function: protection: excretes and absorbs substances

A

excretes sweat oil

absorbs lipid soluble materials

87
Q

Skin function: protection: synthesis of vitamin D

A

skin makes molecule converted by UV radiation of the sun, enzymes made in kidney/liver convert molecules into active form of VitD

88
Q

Active form of VitD

A

calcitrol

89
Q

VitD is important for…

A

calcium absorption

90
Q

Ca2+ is important for…

A

strong bones, muscle function, blood clotting, enzymes

91
Q

VitD can come from

A

sun exposure
made by the body
food

92
Q

Transdermal drug administration

A

lipid soluble substances can enter epidermis and dermis, then enter blood stream/supply
(patches)

93
Q

Keratinocytes

A

produce keratin

most prevalent

94
Q

Melanocytes

A

“sunscreen”

95
Q

5 layers of the epidermis

A
  1. stratum basale
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum
  5. stratum corneum
96
Q

Stratum basale

A

living, contains melanocytes

97
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

living, contains keratinocytes

98
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

dying

99
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

dead, thick skin, found only in certain areas of the body (soles of feet, palms, fingertips)

100
Q

Stratum corneum

A

dead, flat

101
Q

Normal skin growth in epidermis time

A

1 month

102
Q

Injury to the epidermis time

A

faster than 1 month, high rate of cell division

103
Q

Psoriasis

A

cells shed too quickly (1 week)

abnormal keratin made

104
Q

Psoriasis causes

A

immune system probs
stress
dry skin

105
Q

Psoriasis treatments

A

topical ointments

UV light phototherapy to decrease cell division

106
Q

3 pigments that contribute to skin color

A

melanin, hemoglobin, carotene

107
Q

Melanin

A

yellow to red color, brown to black

108
Q

Where does skin color come from?

A

the amount and type of melanin produced

109
Q

Concentration of melanin can result in

A

freckles, moles, age spots

110
Q

Melanin is synthesized from an

A

amino acid called tyrosine

111
Q

UVA

A

long wavelengths of light, suntan

112
Q

UVB

A

shorter wavelength of light, helps skin start production of VitD, sunBurn

113
Q

What causes jaundice?

A

breakdown in hemoglobin

114
Q

How does one get a tan?

A

UVA -> increase tyrosinase -> increase melanin

keratinocytes with melanin move toward layer 5 and eventually removed

115
Q

Why is a tattoo permanent?

A

dye is in dermis

116
Q

How do lasers remove tattoos?

A

dye absorps the laser and it breaks up the pigments in the dye

117
Q

What is skin cancer caused by?

A

overexposure to UV light of sun

118
Q

3 common forms of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant melanoma

119
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

most common, rarely metastasizes, remains localized

120
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

may or may not metastasize, from squamous keratinocytes of epidermis

121
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

arises from melanocyte, rare (2%), spreads very quickly, deadly in months or faster

122
Q

Carcinoma

A

cancer of epithelial cells

123
Q

Malignant

A

tumor, potential to get worse due to spreading of cancer

124
Q

Tumor

A

overgrowth of tissue

125
Q

Benign

A

not cancerous

126
Q

Skin cancer risk factors

A 
skin type (light skin)
sun exposure
family history
age
decrease in immune system
127
Q

First degree burn example

A

sunburn

128
Q

Second degree burn sign

A

blistering

129
Q

Third degree burn sign

A

blackness

130
Q

Epidermal wound healing

A

keratinocyte stem cells break loose & migrate

divide (proliferate) & replace cells removed in the wound

131
Q

Deep wound healing

A

injury to the epidermis and dermis

132
Q

Deep wound healing phases

A
  1. inflammatory phase
  2. migratory phase
  3. proliferative phase
  4. maturation phase
133
Q

Deep wound healing inflammatory phase

A

blood clot and increase in white blood cells

134
Q

Deep wound healing migratory phase

A

movement of cells

135
Q

Deep wound healing proliferative phase

A

growth & repair, division & growth of cells, scab

136
Q

Deep wound healing maturation phase

A

scab is removed

137
Q

Albinism

A

inherited inability to produce melanin
genetic mutation -> melanocytes
cannot make the enzyme tyrosinase

138
Q

Vitiligo

A

some melanocytes will be destroyed
not born with this defect, develops later in life and called depigmentation
thought to brought by an autoimmune disorder

139
Q

All individuals have the same # of melanocytes

A

!!!!

140
Q

Role of vitamin C

A

stimulates collagen production

most animals make vit C, humans do not

141
Q

Aging & the integumentary system

A
  • decrease in fibroblast
  • decrease in defense cells
  • macrophages
  • decline of oil glands, drying of skin & hair
  • decrease in sweat glands
  • decrease in function of melanocytes in & around hair follicle
  • decrease in function of the skin to heal itself
  • more susceptibility to skin cancer
142
Q

Macrophages

A

epidermal growth factor (EGF) also made by salivary gland

143
Q

Muscular tissue causes…

A

movement

144
Q

Nervous tissue

A

receives and generates nerve impulses

145
Q

Covering and lining structure

A

layers of cells

146
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

makes up the secreting portion of the glands

147
Q

Types of epithelial tissue associated with covering and lining

A 
psuedostratified columner epithelial
stratified squamous epithelium
nonciliated simple columner 
simple squamous epithelial 
simple cuboidal epithelial
ciliated columner
148
Q

Absorption

A

the intake of substances

149
Q

Secretion

A

the production and release of substances such as mucus, sweat, or enzymes

150
Q

Function of goblet cells

A

secretes mucus

151
Q

Function of microvilli

A

absorption

152
Q

Function of cilia

A

for steady movement

153
Q

Matrix

A

material between widely spaced cells

154
Q

Epidermis

A

superficial thinner portion, epithelial tissue

155
Q

Dermis

A

deeper, thicker, connective tissue portion

156
Q

Importance of epidermal growth factor

A

to reproduce new cells

157
Q

Deepest layer of the epidermis

A

stratum basale

158
Q

Most superficial layer of the epidermis

A

??????

159
Q

Apical layer

A

free

160
Q

Basal layer

A

underneath

161
Q

Pigments that affect skin color

A

carotene
melanin
hemoglobin

162
Q

Chemical reaction for the production of melanin

A

?

A&P (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions