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Microbiology > Lecture Exam 2 Test Questions > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 Test Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Which term describes the chemical and physical workings of a cell?
a. Biosynthesis b. Anabolism c. Metabolism d. Catalysis

A

c. Metabolism

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2
Q

What are the two main types of chemical reactions involved in metabolism?
a. Synthesis and hydrolysis b. Oxidation and reduction c. Condensation and
dehydration d. Substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

A

b. Oxidation and reduction

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3
Q

Enzymes are biological catalysts that primarily function to:
a. Increase the energy of activation b. Decrease the energy of activation c. Alter
the chemical nature of substrates
d. Produce energy during reactions

A

b. Decrease the energy of activation

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4
Q

What is the role of cofactors in enzyme function?
a. They are the products of enzyme-substrate interactions b. They permanently
alter the enzyme’s structure c. They act as temporary carriers for some
substrates d. They serve as the primary binding sites for substrates

A

c. They act as temporary carriers for some
substrates

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5
Q

Which part of an enzyme is responsible for substrate binding during a
reaction?
a. Apoenzyme b. Cofactor c. Holoenzyme
d. Active site

A

d. Active site

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6
Q

What is the function of coenzymes in enzyme reactions?
a. Activate enzymes b. Provide structural stability to enzymes c. Act as carriers
for electrons or small molecules d. Serve as binding sites for substrates

A

c. Act as carriers for electrons or small molecules

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7
Q

Which type of enzyme inhibition occurs when a molecule binds to the
enzyme-substrate complex?
a. Competitive inhibition b. Noncompetitive inhibition c. Allosteric inhibition
d. Feedback inhibition

A

b. Noncompetitive inhibition

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8
Q

What happens to enzyme activity when they are subjected to extreme
changes in pH or temperature?
a. They become more efficient b. They undergo denaturation c. They increase
their substrate affinity d. They become permanently activated

A

b. They undergo denaturation

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9
Q

Which metabolic pathway involves the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic
acid?
a. Glycolysis b. Krebs cycle c. Electron transport chain d. Fermentation

A

a. Glycolysis

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10
Q

What is the primary function of oxidative phosphorylation in cellular
metabolism?
a. Production of ATP b. Breakdown of glucose c. Formation of pyruvic acid
d. Synthesis of coenzymes

A

a. Production of ATP

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11
Q

Which type of respiration utilizes oxygen as the final electron acceptor?
a. Aerobic respiration b. Anaerobic respiration c. Fermentation d. Oxidative
respiration

A

a. Aerobic respiration

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12
Q

What is the end product of alcoholic fermentation in yeast?
a. Lactic acid b. Ethanol c. Acetic acid
d. Carbon dioxide

A

b. Ethanol

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13
Q

Which process involves the transfer of electrons from fuel molecules to
oxygen?
a. Substrate-level phosphorylation b. Glycolysis c. Oxidative phosphorylation
d. Fermentation

A

c. Oxidative phosphorylation

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14
Q

What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in cellular
respiration?
a. Formation of pyruvic acid b. Production of coenzymes c. Generation of a
proton gradient d. Synthesis of ATP

A

d. Synthesis of ATP

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15
Q

Which term describes the process by which ATP is synthesized using
energy derived from a proton gradient?
a. Chemiosmosis b. Substrate-level phosphorylation c. Oxidative phosphorylation
d. Photophosphorylation

A

a. Chemiosmosis

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16
Q

What happens to oxygen in the terminal step of aerobic respiration?
a. It is converted to water b. It is released as a gas c. It combines with carbon
dioxide d. It is converted to glucose

A

a. It is converted to water

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17
Q

Which type of fermentation produces lactic acid as the end product?
a. Alcoholic fermentation b. Butyric acid fermentation c. Lactic acid
fermentation d. Acetic acid fermentation

A

c. Lactic acid fermentation

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18
Q

What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
a. The presence of oxygen as the final electron acceptor b. The production of
ATP c. The utilization of glycolysis d. The involvement of the Krebs cycle

A

a. The presence of oxygen as the final electron acceptor

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19
Q

Which metabolic pathway involves the breakdown of glucose in the
absence of oxygen?
a. Glycolysis b. Krebs cycle c. Electron transport chain d. Oxidative
phosphorylation

A

a. Glycolysis

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20
Q

What is the primary function of fermentation in microbial metabolism?
a. Production of ATP b. Synthesis of coenzymes c. Generation of a proton
gradient d. Regeneration of NAD+ for glycolysis

A

d. Regeneration of NAD+ for glycolysis

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21
Q

What is the primary function of enzymes in cellular metabolism?
a. To increase the energy of activation b. To decrease the rate of chemical
reactions c. To serve as structural components of cells d. To catalyze
biochemical reactions

A

d. To catalyze
biochemical reactions

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22
Q

Which term describes the process of breaking down larger molecules into
smaller ones, releasing energy in the process?
a. Anabolism b. Catabolism c. Fermentation d. Photophosphorylation

A

b. Catabolism

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23
Q

Which part of an enzyme is typically responsible for binding to the substrate?
a. Metal cofactor b. Coenzyme c. Active site d. Regulatory site

A

c. Active site

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24
Q

What is the function of coenzymes in enzymatic reactions?
a. To provide structural stability to enzymes b. To serve as permanent binding
sites for substrates c. To act as carriers for small molecules or electrons d. To
catalyze the breakdown of enzymes

A

c. To act as carriers for small molecules or electrons

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25
Q

Which type of enzyme inhibition occurs when the product binds to a regulatory site, altering the active site’s shape?
a. Competitive inhibition b. Drug-based inhibition c. Allosteric inhibition
d. Poison-based inhibition

A

c. Allosteric inhibition

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26
Q

What happens to enzyme activity when subjected to extreme changes in
temperature or pH?
a. Enzymes become more stable b. Enzymes undergo denaturation c. Enzymes
increase their substrate affinity d. Enzymes become permanently activated

A

b. Enzymes undergo denaturation

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27
Q

Which metabolic pathway involves the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic
acid/pyruvate?
a. Glycolysis b. Krebs cycle c. Electron transport chain d. Fermentation

A

a. Glycolysis

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28
Q

What is the primary function of oxidative phosphorylation in cellular
respiration?
a. Production of ATP b. Breakdown of glucose c. Formation of pyruvic acid
d. Synthesis of coenzymes

A

a. Production of ATP

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29
Q

Which process involves the transfer of electrons from reduced carriers to
oxygen, resulting in the production of water?
a. Substrate-level phosphorylation b. Glycolysis c. Oxidative phosphorylation
d. Fermentation

A

c. Oxidative phosphorylation

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30
Q

Which type of fermentation produces lactic acid as a metabolic byproduct?
a. Alcoholic fermentation b. Butyric acid fermentation c. Lactic acid fermentation
d. Acetic acid fermentation

A

c. Lactic acid fermentation

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31
Q

What is a trait?
A) A physical appearance B) A heritable characteristic C) An idea passed down
from parents D) A mental attribute

A

B) A heritable characteristic

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32
Q

What is the basic unit of DNA structure?
A) Amino acid B) Nucleotide C) Enzyme D) Ribosome

A

B) Nucleotide

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33
Q

How do nucleotides bond to their complementary nucleotides in a DNA double
helix?
A) Covalently B) Hydrogen bonds C) Ionic bonds D) Van der Waals

A

A) Covalently

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34
Q

What is the role of DNA polymerase in replication?
A) Unwinds the DNA helix B) Makes proteins directly
C) Synthesizes an RNA primer D) Copies DNA during replication and checks for
errors

A

D) Copies DNA during replication and checks for
errors

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35
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for transcribing DNA into mRNA?
A) Helicase B) DNA polymerase C) Primase D) RNA polymerase

A

D) RNA polymerase

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36
Q

What is the function of a promoter in transcription?
A) Unwinds DNA helix B) Adds nucleotides to mRNA C) Synthesizes an RNA
primer D) Signals the start of a gene

A

D) Signals the start of a gene

37
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?
A) Nucleotides B) Fatty acids C) Amino acids D) Carbohydrates

A

C) Amino acids

38
Q

During translation, what does each codon in mRNA correspond to?
A) A ribosome B) An amino acid C) A tRNA molecule D) A DNA nucleotide

A

B) An amino acid

39
Q

Where does translation occur in the cell?
A) Nucleus B) Mitochondria C) Ribosome D) Golgi apparatus

A

C) Ribosome

40
Q

What is the function of tRNA during translation?
A) Adds nucleotides to mRNA B) Unwinds DNA helix C) Transfers amino acids to
the ribosome D) Synthesizes an RNA primer

A

C) Transfers amino acids to the ribosome

41
Q

How many nucleotides make up a codon in mRNA?
A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four

A

C) Three

42
Q

What is the function of a stop codon?
A) Starts translation B) ends translation C) starts transcription D) ends
transcription

A

B) ends translation

43
Q

What determines the shape of a protein?
A) Number of codons B) Sequence of amino acids C) Composition of ribosomes
D) Speed of translation

A

B) Sequence of amino acids

44
Q

What term describes the process of copying a gene into mRNA?
A) Translation B) Replication C) Transcription D) Transformation

A

C) Transcription

45
Q

Which type of cell contains two copies of each chromosome?
A) Haploid B) Diploid C) Prokaryotic D) Eukaryotic

A

B) Diploid

46
Q

Where are eukaryotic chromosomes located?
A) Nucleus B) Mitochondria C) Chloroplast D) Cytoplasm

A

A) Nucleus

47
Q

What is the role of RNA polymerase during transcription?
A) Synthesizes mRNA from DNA B) Adds nucleotides to tRNA C) Unwinds
DNA helix D) Checks for errors in mRNA

A

A) Synthesizes mRNA from DNA

48
Q

What is the primary function of DNA in cells?
A) Directly produces proteins B) Stores genetic information C) Transfers
electrons D) Provides energy for cellular processes

A

B) Stores genetic information

49
Q

What term describes a discrete cellular structure composed of a neatly packaged
DNA molecule in eukaryotes?
A) Ribosome B) Nucleus C) Chloroplast D) Mitochondrion

A

B) Nucleus

50
Q

Which type of chromosome is found in bacterial cells?
A) Linear B) Diploid C) Circular D) Haploid

A

C) Circular

51
Q

What is the function of a promoter region in a gene?
A) Signals the end of transcription B) Unwinds the DNA helix C) Initiates
translation D) Signals the start of transcription

A

D) Signals the start of transcription

52
Q

What is the primary function of RNA polymerase during transcription?
A) Adds nucleotides to tRNA B) Synthesizes mRNA from DNA C) Checks for
errors in DNA replication D) Unwinds DNA helix

A

B) Synthesizes mRNA from DNA

52
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing mRNA strand
during transcription?
A) Helicase B) Primase C) DNA polymerase D) RNA polymerase

A

D) RNA polymerase

52
Q

In translation, what is the role of the ribosome?
A) Synthesizes mRNA B) Transfers amino acids to tRNA C) Adds nucleotides to
mRNA D) Facilitates the assembly of amino acids into proteins

A

D) Facilitates the assembly of amino acids into proteins

53
Q

What is the function of tRNA during translation?
A) Unwinds the DNA helix B) Synthesizes mRNA from DNA C) Transfers amino
acids to the ribosome D) Initiates translation

A

C) Transfers amino acids to the ribosome

54
Q

Which of the following best describes gene expression?
a) The process of DNA replication b) The synthesis of functional gene transcripts
from genetic information c) The transfer of genetic material between cells d) The
regulation of translation

A

b) The synthesis of functional gene transcripts from genetic information

55
Q

What is the role of promoters in gene expression?
a) They encode structural proteins b) They control when, where, and under which
conditions a gene should be turned on or off c) They repair DNA damage d) They
are involved in conjugation between bacteria

A

b) They control when, where, and under which conditions a gene should be
turned on or off

56
Q

In bacteria, what is an operon?
a) A group of genes regulated as a single unit b) A type of genetic mutation c) A
mechanism for repairing damaged DNA d) A region of DNA that codes for a
specific protein

A

a) A group of genes regulated as a single unit

57
Q

Which of the following is an example of a regulatory element in an operon
(meaning it controls if a gene is off or on)?
a) Ribosome b) Operator c) Structural gene d) Missense mutation

A

b) Operator

58
Q

What happens when the repressor protein binds to the operator region of an
operon?
a) Transcription is initiated b) Transcription is inhibited c) DNA replication occurs
d) mRNA is translated into protein

A

b) Transcription is inhibited

59
Q

Which of the following describes the specific function of the lac operon in
bacteria?
a) A set of genes involved in DNA repair b) Genes involved in the metabolism of
lactose c) A mechanism for repairing mismatched nitrogen bases d) An operon
involved in conjugation

A

b) Genes involved in the metabolism of lactose

60
Q

What role does lactose play in the regulation of the lac operon?
a) It binds to the repressor protein, causing it to release from the operator b) It
enhances DNA replication c) It inhibits transcription d) It promotes translation

A

a) It binds to the repressor protein, causing it to release from the operator

61
Q

What are the consequences of expressing genes at the wrong time or place?
a) Enhanced cellular function b) Developmental abnormalities or disease states
c) Increased resistance to mutations d) Improved DNA repair mechanisms

A

b) Developmental abnormalities or disease states

62
Q

Which of the following is a category of mutation?
a) Conjugation b) Transformation c) Point mutation d) Transduction

A

c) Point mutation

63
Q

How are some mutations repaired in cells?
a) By undergoing conjugation b) By excision repair mechanisms c) By inhibiting
gene expression d) By decreasing mutation rates

A

b) By excision repair mechanisms

64
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for proofreading nucleotides during DNA
replication?
a) RNA polymerase b) Mismatch repair c) DNA polymerase d) Excision repair

A

c) DNA polymerase

65
Q

What is the primary cause of induced mutations?
a) Exposure to UV light b) Errors in DNA replication c) Spontaneous changes
in the DNA d) Exposure to mutagens

A

d) Exposure to mutagens

66
Q

How do bacteria acquire new genes through transformation?
a) Through direct cell-to-cell contact b) By taking up free DNA from the
environment c) Through the transfer of genetic material by viruses d) By
encoding conjugative pili

A

b) By taking up free DNA from the environment

67
Q

What is the function of the lac operon’s permease enzyme?
a) It synthesizes lactose b) It repairs DNA damage c) It moves lactose into the
cell d) It binds to the repressor protein

A

c) It moves lactose into the cell

68
Q

Which of the following mutations changes a normal codon into a stop codon?
a) Point mutation b) Missense mutation c) Nonsense mutation d) Frameshift
mutation

A

c) Nonsense mutation

69
Q

What role does the repressor protein play in the regulation of gene expression?
a) It enhances transcription b) It inhibits transcription by binding to the operator c)
It repairs DNA damage d) It synthesizes mRNA

A

b) It inhibits transcription by binding to the operator

70
Q

What happens when there is no lactose in the environment in relation to the lac
operon?
a) The repressor protein binds to the operator, preventing gene expression b)
The lac operon genes are expressed at high levels c) The DNA undergoes
transformation d) The lac operon becomes constitutively active

A

a) The repressor protein binds to the operator, preventing gene expression

71
Q

What is the main function of the operator region in an operon?
a) To encode structural proteins b) To bind to the repressor protein c) To
synthesize mRNA d) To repair DNA damage

A

b) To bind to the repressor protein

72
Q

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for genetic exchange (and thus
recombination) in bacteria?
a) Conjugation b) Transformation c) Replication d) Transduction

A

c) Replication

73
Q

How does transduction contribute to genetic transfer (recombination) in bacteria?
a) By facilitating direct cell-to-cell contact b) By transferring genetic material via
viruses c) By incorporating free DNA from the environment d) By encoding
conjugative pili

A

b) By transferring genetic material via viruses

74
Q

What is the role of RNA polymerase in gene expression?
a) It synthesizes DNA molecules. b) It repairs DNA damage. c) It transcribes
DNA into mRNA. d) It translates mRNA into protein

A

c) It transcribes DNA into mRNA

75
Q

Which of the following signals is an example of an internal signal that can
regulate gene expression?
a) UV damage b) Food availability c) Sleep/wake cycle d) Immune response

A

c) Sleep/wake cycle

76
Q

What term describes a gene that is turned on all the time?
a) Constitutive b) Repressed c) Inducible d) Negative regulation

A

a) Constitutive

77
Q

In negative regulation of gene expression, what needs to happen for the gene to
turn on?
a) A protein needs to be added to the promoter. b) The repressor protein needs
to be removed. c) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter. d) A mutation needs to
occur in the operator region.

A

b) The repressor protein needs to be removed

78
Q

Which of the following is a consequence of expressing the wrong gene at the
wrong place and time?
a) Enhanced cellular function b) Improved DNA repair mechanisms c) Serious
birth defects or medical issues d) Increased mutation rates

A

c) Serious birth defects or medical issues

79
Q

What is the primary function of the lac operon’s β-galactosidase enzyme?
a) It binds to lactose. b) It cleaves the bond between glucose and galactose. c) It
synthesizes lactose. d) It moves lactose into the cell

A

b) It cleaves the bond between glucose and galactose

80
Q

What role does the operator region play in the lac operon?
a) It encodes the structural genes. b) It binds to the repressor protein. c) It
synthesizes mRNA. d) It cleaves lactose molecules.

A

b) It binds to the repressor protein

81
Q

Which type of mutation changes a single amino acid in the protein encoded by a
gene?
a) Point mutation b) Frameshift mutation c) Nonsense mutation d) Silent mutation

A

a) Point mutation

82
Q

How are mutations repaired by mismatch repair mechanisms?
a) By proofreading nucleotides during DNA replication b) By locating and
repairing mismatched nitrogen bases c) By removing segments of DNA and
adding correct nucleotides d) By increasing mutation rates

A

b) By locating and repairing mismatched nitrogen bases

83
Q

Which of the following is a mechanism for genetic recombination in bacteria
involving direct cell-to-cell contact between living bacteria?
a) Conjugation b) Transformation c) Transduction d) Replication

A

a) Conjugation

84
Q

What happens during transduction in bacterial genetic recombination?
a) Free DNA from the environment is taken up by bacteria. b) Genetic material is
transferred via viruses. c) A plasmid or chromosomal fragment is transferred from
a donor cell to a recipient cell. d) DNA is replicated and passed on to daughter
cells

A

b) Genetic material is transferred via viruses.

85
Q

What is the role of the repressor protein in the regulation of the lac operon?
a) It binds to the promoter region. b) It enhances transcription. c) It inhibits
transcription by binding to the operator. d) It synthesizes lactose

A

c) It inhibits transcription by binding to the operator

86
Q

Which of the following mutations alters the reading frame of mRNA?
a) Point mutation b) Missense mutation c) Nonsense mutation d) Frameshift
mutation

A

d) Frameshift mutation

Microbiology (12 decks)

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