Lecture: Lower Limb 2

Question 1

What are the movements of the hip?

Answer 1

Movements of the hip is like moving your entire leg. Flexion/extension (swing leg forward and backwards), abduction/adduction (swing leg out and in), rotation (rotate foot in and out)

Question 2

What are the movements of the knee?

Answer 2

Flexion (smaller angle)/extension (straight leg)

Also has a LITTLE bit of rotation

Question 3

What are the movements of the foot?

Answer 3

Ankle joint: dorsi flexion (up) and plantar flexion (down)

Inside ankle: at the subtalar joint, inversion and eversion

Question 4

What is the iliotibial band?

Answer 4

It is specialised thickened fascia. It’s on the lateral aspect of the knee, extending from the outside of the pelvis, over the hip and knee, and inserting just below the knee. The band is crucial to stabilizing the knee during running

Question 5

What is intermuscular septa?

Answer 5

It is a fold of deep fascia in the thigh. It separates muscles into different compartments

Question 6

What are the two groups of muscles of the pelvic girdle?

Answer 6

1. Iliopsoas: anterior

2. Gluteal muscles: posterior

Question 7

What are the names of the muscles at the anterior pelvic girdle? What do they do?

Answer 7

Group: iliopsoas muscles, composed of iliacus, psoas major and psoas minor. They are powerful hip flexors

Question 8

What muscles are located posteriorly of the pelvic girdle?

Answer 8

Gluteal muscles; gluteus maximus, medius and minimus

Question 9

What are the anterior muscles of the thigh?

Answer 9

Quadricep muscles, consisting of 4 large and powerful muscles;
- rectus lemoris, medialis, lateralis and intermedius vastus muscles

Question 10

Where do the muscles of the thigh come together?

Answer 10

At the quadriceps tendon, which is located above the patella (the patella pushes the tendon outwards)

Question 11

What are the posterior muscles of the thigh?

Answer 11

The hamstring muscles; called “2-joint” muscles. Attach at the ischial tuberosity of the pelvis and to the leg at the other end. They are power flexors.

Question 12

What are the medial muscles of the thigh?

Answer 12

6 adductor muscles

Question 13

What are the anterior muscles of the leg?

Answer 13

Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus

Question 14

What is tibialis anterior responsible for?

Answer 14

dorsiflexion of the ankle

Question 15

What are extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus used for?

Answer 15

extension of the big toe and other toes, respectively

Question 16

What is compartment syndrome?

Answer 16

a condition resulting from increased pressure within a confined body space. Like in the anterior compartment of the thigh, most prone

Question 17

What are the lateral leg muscles? What do they do?

Answer 17

2 peroneal muscles; fibularis longus and fibularis brevis. They are responsible of eversion of the foot at the subtalar joints

Question 18

What are the posterior leg muscle groups?

Answer 18

Has two layers: superficial and deep

Question 19

What muscles does the superficial posterior leg layer have?

Answer 19

Gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus

Question 20

Where does the gastrocnemius and soleus insert?

Answer 20

At the calcaneal tendon (achilles tendon)

Question 21

What are the deep posterior leg layer muscles?

Answer 21

tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus

Question 22

What do the deep posterior leg layer muscles do?

Answer 22

They are plantar flexors of the ankle and flexrs of the toes opposing the action of the muscles in the anterior compartment

Question 23

Where do the tendons of the posterior leg muscles go?

Answer 23

Tarsal tunnel

Question 24

What are the muscles of the foot?

Answer 24

Little toe: digiti minimi muscle
Big toe: hallucis muscle
Central region: central muscles

Question 25

Describe injury to LL muscles

Answer 25

Muscles over two joints are susceptible to injury particularly when they’re acting across both joints simultaneously. You can get the usual variety of tears as well as avulsion fractures, which can occur in some cases.