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Medical Pathology > Lecture Three: Cardiovascular Disease II > Flashcards

Lecture Three: Cardiovascular Disease II Flashcards

1
Q

this is due to inadequate cardiac output ; potential consequence of most cardiac disorders

A

heart failure

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2
Q

coronary heart disease, cigarette smoking , HTN, obesity, diabetes, valvular heart disease , congenital defects are risk factors for which disease

A

heart failure

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3
Q

what are some causes of heart failure

A

blood loss/ obstruction of blood flow , conduction system failure, valvular failure, congenital cardiac malfunctions

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4
Q

congestion of blood flow and inability to increase cardiac output as needed are effects of

A

heart failure

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5
Q

this temporarily restores cardiac output toward normal

A

compensatory mechanism for HF

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6
Q

what are the compensatory mechanisms for HF

A

sympathetic nervous system activation, compensatory vasoconstriction, and myocardial hypertrophy

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7
Q

what results in release of renin by the kidney

A

reduced blood flow ( short term solution to acute changes)

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8
Q

left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial ischemia, coronary artery disease, cardiac dysrhythmia, and HF are complications of which disease

A

hypertensive heart disease

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9
Q

this is irregularity in the heart’s beating pattern-> decreases cardiac output and can be fatal

A

cardiac dysrhythmia

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10
Q

MI, electrolyte imbalance, stress, drugs, and congenital defects in the myocardial electrical network are causes of which disease

A

cardiac dysrhythmias

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11
Q

what are the types of cardiac dysrhythmias

A

tachycardia, bradycardia, flutter, and fibrillation

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12
Q

what is a rapid beating of the atria ( can be regular or irregular )

A

flutter

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13
Q

what is sporadic , quivering pattern HR called; also is a rapid irregular beating of the atria that may arise from flutter

A

fibrillation

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14
Q

which is more common, atrial or ventricular fibrillation

A

atrial

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15
Q

a fibrillation is responsible for what % of strokes

A

25%

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16
Q

how fast will ventricular fibrillation kill you

A

90 seconds

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17
Q

this is unexpected death from cardiac causes; initiated by coronary atheroma

A

sudden cardiac death

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18
Q

this is myocardial degeneration ( thinning of the ventricle wall) usually leading to heart failure

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

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19
Q

this type of dilated cardiomyopathy example is coronary heart disease

A

ischemic

20
Q

this type of dilated cardiomyopathy can be toxic ( alcohol abuse), metabolic ( thyroid disorder ), or infectious ( post viral myocarditis)

A

non-ischemic

21
Q

this is a normal sized heart that has reduced filling capacity but normal contractility initially

A

restrictive cardiomyopathy

22
Q

amyloidosis and idiopathic are primary causes of…

A

restrictive cardiomyopathy

23
Q

this is when the heart is larger than normal ; usually genetic etiology men = women; can lead to heart failure

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

24
Q

most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young adults

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

25
Q

this is a major cause of low blood flow-> increases myocardial workload

A

endocardial and valvular disease

26
Q

term for when the valve cant open completely

A

stenosis

27
Q

when the valve cannot close completely

A

regurgitation

28
Q

inflammation and scarring, calcification /aging, and congenital malformations are all causes of …

A

endocardial and valvular disease

29
Q

what are the two most common valvular diease types

A

mitral valve regurgitation and aortic valve stenosis

30
Q

this involves mitral valve prolapse, ischemic heart disease , endocarditis

A

mitral valve regurgitation

31
Q

this involves age-related calcification and congenital stenosis

A

aortic valve stenosis

32
Q

this is a degeneration of connective tissue in the valve

A

mitral valve prolapse

33
Q

this is when the valve leaflets balloon into the left atrium during systole; may lead to mitral valve regurgitation ; risk factor for bacterial endocarditis and thrombosis

A

mitral valve prolapse

34
Q

what are some ocular association of mitral valve prolapse

A

central retinal artery occlusion, branch retinal artery occlusion, and choroidal occlusion

35
Q

this is the colonization of endocardial structures

A

infective endocarditis

36
Q

what is the most common bacteria of infective endocarditis

A

streptococcus and staphylococcus

37
Q

what are some predisposing risk factors for infective endocarditis

A

rheumatic endocarditis, congenital valve defects

38
Q

this disease occurs at 5-15 yo; develops 1-5 weeks after group A strep pharyngitis or scarlet fever

A

rheumatic heart disease

39
Q

This is when group A streptococcal M proteins induce Ab production and Ab cross react with ct antigens

A

Type II hypersensitivity reaction of rheumatic heart disease

40
Q

this is the outer covering of the heart that holds it in place ; it assists with the regulation of blood pressure and HR; first line of defense against infection and inflammation

A

pericardium

41
Q

this fluid is for cushion and lubrication of the heart

A

pericardial fluid

42
Q

this type of pericarditis lasts less than 6 wks

A

acute pericarditis

43
Q

this type of pericarditis lasts more than 6 mos, ; constrictive pericarditis; leading causes are idiopathic and infectious

A

chronic pericarditis

44
Q

what are the systemic assoc of pericardial disease

A

uremia , rheumatic fever, SLE, metastatic malignancies

45
Q

what is an elevation of metabolic waste in the blood bc its not being filtered by the kidneys

A

uremia

46
Q

abnormally fast heart rate

A

tachycardia

47
Q

abnormally slow heart rate

A

bradycardia

Medical Pathology (11 decks)

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