Lecture02-6440

Question 1

A large number of disconnected parts is not complex system

Answer 1

a large collection of books

Question 2

Complex System Characteristics:
Complexity is Inherent, not Accidental

Answer 2

Interconnections. But not the volume of parts.
Does not stipulate the number of interconnected parts. A complex system may consist of a small number of parts connected in complicated ways

Question 3

Hierarchy of Complex System:
Consists of a number of major interacting elements

Answer 3

System → Subsystems → Components → Subcomponents → Parts.

Question 4

Definitions of System Components:
System –serves as parts of more complex aggregates or super-systems and perform a significant useful service with only the aid of human operators and standard infrastructure ( e.g. highways, fueling stations, communication lines, etc)

Answer 4

Subsystem-performs a closely related subset of the overall system functions
Component-refer to a range of mostly lower level, middle of system level. Perform elementary functions.
Parts-perform in combination with other parts

Question 5

Components

Answer 5

Perform elementary functions.

Question 6

System → Subsystems → Components → Subcomponents → Parts

Answer 6

Material processing system > Material preparation > Power transfer > Gear trains > Gear

Question 7

Structural hierarchy of modern systems can be insighted by

Answer 7

System Building Blocks

Question 8

System Eng. vs Design Specialist
Sys Engineer:
Extends down through the component level
- Is as detailed as a system engineer usually needs to go
- Extends across several system categories (multi discipline)

Answer 8

Design Specialist’s Domain:
- Extends from the part level up through the component level
- Overlaps the domain of the systems engineers
- Is usually limited to a single technology/discipline

Question 9

Domain of Design Specialists:
Parts> Sub-components

Answer 9

Domain of System Engineer:
System> Sub-System> Component.
(Here Enterprise is upper level of system)

Question 10

The Concepts of System Building Blocks are:
A library of commonly occurring system elements.
AND

Answer 10

classifying system constituents according to Functional and Physical Characteristics.
A useful tool for modeling system architecture and its synthesis
* Useful for visualizing potential architectures of system concepts

Question 11

Functional VS Physical Elements:

Signal Functional Elements examples

Answer 11

Functional Element> Physical examples:
Input signal > TV camera
Transmit signal> Radio transmitter
Transduce signal > Antenna
Receive signal > Radio receiver
Process signal > Image processor
Output signal > TV display, speaker

Question 12

Functional VS Physical Elements:

Data Functional Elements examples

Answer 12

Functional element > Physical examples:
Input data> Keyboard
Process data > CPU
Control system > Windows, UNIX
Control Processing > Word Processor, analysis program
Store data > Magnetic disk
Output data > Printer, display

Question 13

Functional VS Physical Elements:

Material Functional Elements examples

Answer 13

Functional element > Physical examples:
Support material > Airframe, auto body
Store material > Container, enclosure
React material > Autoclave, smelter
Form material > Milling machine, foundry.
Join material > Welding, riveting
Control position > Auto tool feed, power steering

Question 14

Functional VS Physical Elements:

Energy Functional Elements examples

Answer 14

Functional element > Physical examples:
Generate thrust > Rocket, turbojet
Generate torque > Gas turbine
Generate electricity> Power plant, solar cells.
Control temperature > Furnace, refrigerator.
Control motion > Transmission, power brakes

Question 15

Component Examples of Physical Building Blocks (sys> sub sys> component)

Answer 15

Category = Component Examples
Electronic = Receiver, transmitter
Electro-optic = Optical sensing, fiber optics.
Electro-mechanical = Electric generator, data storage, transducer.
Mechanical = Container, material processor, material reactor
Thermo-mechanical = Jet & rotary engine, Heating & AC.
Software = Operating system, applications firmware.

Question 16

System Building Block Applications:
 Identifying actions capable of achieving operational outcomes.
 Facilitating functional partitioning and definition
 Identifying subsystem and component interfaces

Answer 16

 Visualizing the physical architecture of the system
 Suggesting types of component implementation technology
 Helping software engineers acquire hardware domain knowledge

Question 17

Summary of System Building Blocks:
Provides a structured view of the necessary knowledge base for systems engineers
* Provides a mechanism for deductive decomposition of functional architectures to components
* Provides a structured view of a wide variety of systems

Answer 17

• Provides ingredients for modeling system architecture
• Provides a strong link to the concept of object-oriented design
• Building Blocks are fundamental to the concept of modularization, which in turn, is fundamental to successful system design.

Question 18

System Boundary: Separates System from Surroundings

Answer 18

Human users or operators are often treated as external entities:
 Focus on the operator interface
 Still important in a functional aspect.

Question 19

Context Diagram:
Display the external entities and their interactions with the system.

Answer 19

External entities: sources for inputs into the system and destinations of outputs from the system.

Question 20

In Context Diagram:
Interactions are represented by arrows or company specific.

Answer 20

Five categories of Interaction:
data, signals, materials, energy and activities.

Question 21

Some Environmental Interaction Examples:
 Inputs and outputs:
Operate on external stimuli and/or materials in such a manner as to process these inputs in a useful way
 System operators:
Emphasize human-machine interface Complex to define and test
 Operational maintenance:
Affect system readiness and operational reliability,
Provide access for monitoring, testing and repair requirements

Answer 21

 Threats: Either natural (e.g., salt water) or man-made (e.g., thief)
 Support systems: Part of the infrastructure on which the system depends for carrying out its mission.
 System housing: provide protection
 Shipping and handling environment: Transport from the manufacturing site to the operating site

Question 22

Interfaces and Interactions

Interfaces:
External and internal.
Identification and description of interfaces as part of system concept
definition.

Answer 22

Coordination and control of interfaces to maintain system integrity.
Three types: connectors, isolators and converters.
Interactions: Take place via interfaces

Question 23

System of Systems: A set or arrangement of systems that results when independent and useful systems are integrated into a larger system that delivers unique capabilities.

Answer 23

Characteristics:
Operational independence of the individual system.
Managerial independence of the individual system.
Geographic distribution.
Emergent behavior (not necessarily related to component system).
Evolutionary development.
Self-organization and adaptations.

Question 24

Enterprise: Consists of Multiple SoSs.

Example
 Government agencies and departments
 Cities and countries

Answer 24

Enterprise : “anything that consists of people, processes, technology, systems, and other resources across organizations and locations interacting with each other and their environment to achieve a common mission or goal.