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VETS1060: Final Exam > Lectures 14-21 Flatworms & Related Phyla, Ecdysozoans > Flashcards

Lectures 14-21 Flatworms & Related Phyla, Ecdysozoans Flashcards

1
Q

Bilaterally symmetrical animals are part of the clade

A

Bilateria

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2
Q

Two benefits of bilateral symmetry

A
  1. Motor Coordination (able to move in a forward, directed movement)
  2. Cephalization (formation of a head region)
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3
Q

Bilateria are ____ organisms

A

Triploblastic

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4
Q

Triploblastic means

A

3 germ (embryonic cell) layers are developed during the blastula stage

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5
Q

The 3 germ layers are

A

-ectoderm
-endoderm
-mesoderm

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6
Q

The development of tissues and organs is due to

A

Distinct layer development during the Blastula Stage

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7
Q

Diploblastic means

A

2 germ layers

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8
Q

Having two germ layers gives rise to _____ and allows for _____

A

-tissues/organs
-greater complexity and formation

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9
Q

In mammals, the ectoderm forms (8)

A

-skin
-hair
-nails
-mouth lining
-tooth enamel
-brain
-nerves
-peripheral nerves

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10
Q

In mammals, the mesoderm forms (6)

A

-kidneys
-gonads
-circulatory system
-muscles
-notochord
-body cavity

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11
Q

In mammals, the endoderm forms (4)

A

-lining of GI tract
-respiratory tubes
-liver
-pancreas

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12
Q

Three clades of Bilateria are

A

-Lophotrochozoa
-Ecdysozoa
-Deuterostomia

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13
Q

Lophotrochozoa are also called

A

Protostomes

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14
Q

Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia all have ____ symmetry

A

Bilateral

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15
Q

4 Phyla of Lophotrochozoa

A

-Platyhelminthes
-Mollusca
-Annelida
-Acanthocephala

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16
Q

Protostomes (Lophotrochozoans) lack

A

Backbones

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17
Q

Flatworms are part of the phylum

A

Platyhelminthes < Lophotrochozoa < Bilateria < Metazoa

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18
Q

Acoelomate means

A

No body cavity

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19
Q

Four major groups of Platyhelminthes are

A

-Turbellaria (free living)
-Monogenea (ectoparasites of fish)
-Trematoda (endoparasites (flukes))
-Cestoda (endoparasitic tapeworm)

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20
Q

All Platyhelminthes are

A

-motile
-predatory
-reproduce sexually or asexually

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21
Q

Parasitic species of Platyhelminthes reproduce

A

Asexually

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22
Q

Flatworms lack (3)

A

-body cavity
-circulatory system
-anus

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23
Q

Flatworm gas exchange occurs

A

Across the surface of its body

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24
Q

Parasitic Groups of Platyhelminthes are

A

-Monogenea
-Trematoda
-Cestoda

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25
Q

Two vet significant Platyhelminthes groups

A

-Trematoda (liver fluke)
-Cestoda (tapeworms)

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26
Q

Turbellaria are (6)

A

-mostly free living
-some commensals
-some parasitic
-lack a body cavity
-have a ciliated epidermis for locomotion
-Part of Platyhelminthes

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27
Q

Protonephridial refers to

A

The excretory system of Flatworms - drains waste directly from the body

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28
Q

Feature of the Flatworm excretory system are

A

Flame cells

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29
Q

Dugesia tigrina (Planaria) is important as

A

A model for regeneration, aging, and stem cell biology

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30
Q

With the exception of Turbellaria, Platyhelminthes are (3)

A

-always parasitic/commensal
-have a ciliated epidermis in larva
-have a syncytial epidermis as adults

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31
Q

Monogenea means

A

One host/species

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32
Q

Ectoparasites of fish are in the class

A

Monogenea < Platyhelminthes < Lophotrochozoa < Bilateria < Metazoa

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33
Q

Monogenea live

A

On the skin / gills of fish

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34
Q

Life cycle of Monogeneans is

A

-simple
-eggs laid, they fall off the host and hatch, larva seeks a new host

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35
Q

Monogenea have a ____ attachment site

A

Posterior

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36
Q

Life cycle of Gyrodactylus is

A

-strange and atypical
-contains a baby within a baby within an adult!
-don’t produce many offspring

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37
Q

Fasciola hepatica is the

A

Sheep liver fluke

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38
Q

Flukes are part of the Class

A

Trematoda < Platyhelminthes < Lophotrochozoa < Bilateria < Metazoa

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39
Q

Adult flukes usually live in

A

The intestine of a vertebrate host

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40
Q

Flukes have (2)

A

-flat leaf-like body
-two suckers (oral used for attachment and feeding; ventral used for attachment)

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41
Q

Flukes attach to ____ by ____ and feed on _____

A

Mucosal wall;
Oral and Ventral Suckers;
Mucus, tissue fluid, and blood

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42
Q

Diecious means

A

Two separate genders

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43
Q

Monoecious means

A

Hermaphrodite (both male and female characteristics)

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44
Q

Flukes are mostly

A

Hermaphroditic

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45
Q

Excretion of flukes is through

A

The oral sucker (no true anus)

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46
Q

Liver fluke of sheep, cattle, other grazing animals, and humans is

A

Fasciola hepatica

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47
Q

Life cycle of Fasciola hepatica (6)

A

-eggs containing Miracidium pass in host faeces
-Miracidium enters the intermediate host (snail)
-asexual reproduction occurs within the snail (Sporocysts < Redia < Cercaria)
-Cercaria exits the snail, attaches to plant material and encysts into Metacercaria
-Plants with Metacercaria are eaten by the definitive host (sheep)
-Excysts in small intestine and moves to the liver
-cycle repeats

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48
Q

The second most important parasite in humans after malaria

A

Schistosomes (blood flukes)

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49
Q

Schistosomes differ from Fasciola hepatica (3)

A

-don’t attach to plants
-are dioecious (have separate sexes)
-active entry to final host through skin/ingestion

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50
Q

Cestoda are

A

Tapeworm parasite of the small intestine of vertebrates

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51
Q

Tapeworms lack

A

A mouth, digestive tract, and anus

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52
Q

How do Cestoda obtain nutrients?

A

Nutrients are absorbed across the body surface

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53
Q

How do Cestoda (tapeworms) reproduce

A

Reproductive system is copied/replicated as a chain

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54
Q

6 parts of Cestoda (tapeworm) and its function

A
  1. Scolex - attaches in intestinal crypts
  2. Neck - generation of new proglottids (ie. new reproductive system)
  3. Immature Proglottids
  4. Mature Proglottids - mature male and female organs
  5. Gravid Proglottids - uterus with fertilized eggs that detach and pass out of the host via faeces
  6. Strobila = neck + proglottids (can be a few mm to >20m long)
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55
Q

Beef Tapeworm Lifecycle

A
  1. Parasite crawls out of anus of host
  2. Ingested by intermediate host (cattle)
  3. Bladderworm in muscle
  4. Ingested by final / definitive host (humans) through consumption of undercooked meat
  5. Larval scolex attachment to intestine
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56
Q

The larval stage of the bladderworm (cysticercus) occurs in

A

Intermediate host

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57
Q

Taenia solium is known as

A

Pork tapeworm

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58
Q

The bladderworm in pigs affects the

A

Muscle

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59
Q

Echinococcus granulosus is also called

A

Hydatid tapeworm

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60
Q

One of the smallest Cestodes of domestic animals is

A

Hydatid tapeworm (Echinococcus granulosus)

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61
Q

Cats are NOT susceptible to

A

Hydatid tapeworm (Echinococcus granulosus)

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62
Q

Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid tapeworm) definitive host is

A

Dog, dingo, fox
-harbours adult tapeworms

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63
Q

Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid tapeworm) intermediate host

A

Sheep, cow, marsupials, humans, and other mammals
-Harbours larval stages

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64
Q

Lophotrochozoans with NO body cavity are the

A

Platyhelminthes

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65
Q

Lophotrochozoans WITH a body cavity are (2)

A

-Mollusca
-Annelida

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66
Q

Three types of body cavities and an example of each

A

-Acoelomate (no body cavity): Flatworms
-Coleomate (fluid filled cavity between gut and body wall lined with mesoderm): Vertebrates
-Pseudocoelomate (intermediate form of cavity lined with mesoderm on only one side): Nematodes

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67
Q

Molluscs are

A

Non segmented Lophotrochozoans

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68
Q

Annelids are

A

Segmented Lophotrochozoans

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69
Q

Acanthocephala are (3)

A

-parasitic
-bizarre
-affect small intestine of host

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70
Q

Acanthocephala have two host life cycles:

A

-arthropod intermediate host
-vertebrate definitive host

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71
Q

Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceous are in the phylum

A

Acanthocephala

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72
Q

Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceous have a proboscis that is (2)

A

-spinous
-penetrates the mucosa

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73
Q

M. Hirudinaceous life cycle is

A

-eggs pass in faeces
-eggs ingested by beetle larva (intermediate host)
-infects pig (definitive host) small intestine

*only found in wild pigs

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74
Q

The phylum Mollusca can be further divided into (4)

A

-Chitons
-Gastropods
-Cephalopods
-Bivalves

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75
Q

Torsion is when

A

The anus is over the head, as in Gastropods

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76
Q

Gastropods are (6)

A

-part of the phylum Mollusca
-non-segmented
-have a body cavity
-includes snails and slugs
-have a ventral nervous system
-have a primitive circulatory system

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77
Q

The sentient invertebrates are the

A

Cephalopods

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78
Q

The name Annelida means

A

“Little rings”

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79
Q

Phylum Annelida have these two features

A

-segmented
-body cavity

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80
Q

Three sub-phylum of Annelida and examples are

A

-Oligochaete (giant Australian earthworm)
-Hirudinea (leeches)
-Polychaete (fire worm and Christmas tree worm)

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81
Q

Seven benefits of having a Body Cavity

A

-independent movement of body wall and enclosed organs
-more space for complex organs and larger organ systems
-storage for eggs/sperm
-Coelomic Fluid protects internal organs
-waste removal
-functions as a hydrostatic skeleton
-circulatory function for oxygen / nutrients to cells (some animals)

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82
Q

Two reasons why organisms became segmented

A

-better control of body secretions
-diversification of function

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83
Q

Having a septum between segments allows for

A

Movement

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84
Q

Ecdysozoa means

A

“Ecdysis” = shedding
“-ozoa” = animal

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85
Q

Ecdysis means

A

Shedding (molting) of the exoskeleton

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86
Q

Ecdysozoans include (2)

A

-Nematodes
-Arthropods

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87
Q

Roundworms are

A

Nematodes

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88
Q

Major role of Nematodes are as

A

Decomposers

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89
Q

Roundworms are (7)

A

-microscopic
-interstitial dwellers
-many are parasitic
-non-segmented with cylindrical body
-free living
-have a “complete gut” (mouth and anus)
-mostly dioecious with internal fertilization

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90
Q

Dioecious means

A

Separate male and female

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91
Q

Triploblastic means

A

Three layers

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92
Q

The body cavity of Nematodes is

A

Pseudocoelom (ie. no structures) with longitudinal muscles

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93
Q

Nematodes lack

A

Respiratory and circulatory systems

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94
Q

Triploblastic cell layers of Nematodes are

A

-cuticle
-epidermis
-muscle

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95
Q

Nerve ring in Nematodes is called

A

Annuli

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96
Q

The brain of nematodes is a

A

Series of nerves surrounding GI tract anteriorly

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97
Q

Moulting or Ecdysis is associated with (3)

A

-change in environment
-reproduction
-behaviour

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98
Q

The cuticle layer of nematodes is

A

Complex and resilient to handle internal pressure

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99
Q

Nematodes live in

A

A liquid environment with high pressure

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100
Q

Movement of Nematodes involves

A

Moving in a serpentine (s-shape) by contracting muscles side to side

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101
Q

The hydroskeleton of nematodes

A

Has high internal pressure to bring the body straight

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102
Q

A model organism is ____ and an example is ____

A

An organism chosen by researchers wanting to understand broad biological principles
Ex. Caenohabditis elegans

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103
Q

The first multicellular organism to have its genome sequenced was

A

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematodes, Ecdysozoans)

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104
Q

C.elegans (4)

A

-free-living soil nematodes
-has few cell types
-short generation time
-Eutely (defined number of cells)

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105
Q

Haemonchus contortus is also called

A

Barber’s Pole Worm

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106
Q

Haemonchus contortus (Barber’s Pole Worm) is (4)

A

-major parasitic pathogen of sheep and goats
-blood feeder
-occurs during summer rainfall areas
-resistant to antihelminthics

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107
Q

The Life Cycle of Haemonchus contortus (Barber’s Pole Worm):

A

-adult worms in the abomasum of sheep
-eggs pass with faeces
-First Larval Stage (L1) hatch and feed on bacteria in faeces
-Moult into L2 and L3 within the faeces
-L3 migrate and climb wet grass blades
-Sheep eat infected L3 grass

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108
Q

Hookworms are

A

Parasitic nematodes of humans and animals

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109
Q

Hookworm life cycle steps are

A

Skin —> bloodstream —> heart —> lung capillaries —> alveolar space —> move to trachea to be swallowed —> mature in small intestine —> pass through faeces

110
Q

Hookworms can cause ___ especially in ____

A

Anemia; children/puppies

111
Q

Ascarids are

A

Large intestinal worms of mammals that compete with the host for food

112
Q

Ascarids cause disease by

A

Occluding intestine and aberrant migration in the host

113
Q

Female Ascarids lay

A

Desiccation-resistant eggs (eggs don’t hatch in environment)

114
Q

An important Ascarids of horses is

A

Parascaris equorum

115
Q

Parascaris equorum life cycle

A

-eggs pass in faeces and can survive on pasture for years
-eggs mature but DO NOT hatch
-eggs ingested by horse and larva hatches in small intestine
-larva burrow into wall of small intestine and find blood vessels
-larva travel to the lungs and burst alveoli
-larva travel to trachea to be swallowed
-maturation occurs in small intestine
*takes up to 12 weeks

116
Q

Parascaris equorum has these effects on the equine host (5):

A

-pneumonia
-loss of energy
-colic
-intestinal perforation
-intestinal obstruction

117
Q

Pinworms are (4)

A

-Nematodes - small worms in the rectum of mammals
-not pathogenic, they feed on bacteria
-two species affect the horse
-one species affects humans

118
Q

Dirofilaria immitis is also called

A

Heartworm

119
Q

Adult Dirofilaria immitis affect

A

Right side of heart and pulmonary artery in dogs, cats, foxes, and humans
HEARTWORM

120
Q

Heartworm is transmitted by

A

Mosquito salivary glands

121
Q

The only worm species that becomes an Intracellular parasite is

A

Trichinella spiralis

122
Q

Trichinella spiralis is transmitted

A

Mammal to mammal via undercooked meat

123
Q

Trichinella spiralis larva are found in _____ while adults are found in _____

A

Nurse cells within skeletal muscle; intestine

124
Q

Trichuris trichiura is also called

A

Whip worm

125
Q

Nematomorpha are

A

Parasites of insects (Gordian worms and Horsehair worms)

126
Q

Nematomorpha only infect

A

Insects via water

127
Q

Arthropods are part of the phylum

A

Ecdysozoa

128
Q

Arthropods means

A

“Jointed feet”

129
Q

Arthropods are (4):

A

-segmented
-located in all major environments
-play a major role in food chains, as pollinators/decomposers/scavengers
-decreasing in diversity due to agriculture and pesticide control

130
Q

“Success” of a species is based on (3)

A

-species
-habitat diversity
-total numbers

131
Q

Why are arthropods so successful (4)

A

-adaptable body plan
-ability to thrive in a range of environments
-segmented, fused body (head, thorax, abdomen)
-exoskeleton with jointed appendages

132
Q

Three specializations of Arthropod segments are

A

-Head (sensation/feeding)
-Thorax (movement)
-Abdomen (intestine/reproduction)

133
Q

Having multiple segments means

A

Having multiple functions

134
Q

Jointed appendages of arthropods are used for

A

Moving and feeding

135
Q

Early forms of the Arthropod body plan were

A

Pronounced, segmented, and had little specialization

136
Q

Tagmatisation / Tagmosis means

A

Fusion of segments to produce “super segments” or Tagmata

137
Q

Tagmata are

A

Body regions (ie. head, thorax, abdomen)

138
Q

Tagmata allowed for the

A

Specialization of body form, function, and appendages

139
Q

Features of Arthropods (9):

A

-exoskeleton
-segmentation
-Tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen OR head, trunk OR cephalothorax, abdomen)
-appendages
-complex respiratory structures
-circulatory system (lacks haemoglobin)
-ventral nervous system
-complex excretory system
-sexual reproduction

140
Q

Arthropod appendages are used for (4)

A

-mobility
-sensing
-feeding
-reproduction

141
Q

Exoskeleton is made of

A

Protein and chitin

142
Q

Three cons of Ecdysis are

A

-must moult in order to grow
-temporary vulnerability
-takes energy

143
Q

Exoskeleton provides (3)

A

-physical and physiological protection
-muscle attachment
-body support

144
Q

Five lineages of Arthropods

A

-Trilobates (extinct)
-Chelicerates
-Hexapods
-Crustaceans
-Myriapods

145
Q

Insects and 6 legged relatives are the

A

-chelicerates
-hexapods

146
Q

Two groups of Arthropods based on mouthparts are

A

-Chelicerate Mouthparts
-Mandibulate Mouthparts

147
Q

Chelicerate Mouthparts are (3)

A

-used for grasping food
-fang like or pincer
-hollow and carry venom (in spiders)

148
Q

Mandibulate mouthparts use

A

Mandibles for chewing/grinding food

149
Q

Chelicerates include

A

-ticks
-mites

150
Q

Arachnids include

A

-spiders
-scorpions
-ticks
-mites

151
Q

Chelicerate body is

A

Simple, includes cephalothorax and abdomen

152
Q

Chelicerate mouthparts possess (2)

A

-Chelicerae (paired feeding appendages ie. fangs or pincers)
-Pedipalps (feeding and sensory)

153
Q

Chelicerates lack

A

A true antennae

154
Q

What has 8 eyes and 4 pairs of legs

A

Chelicerates

155
Q

The hypostome is

A

An additional mouth part in chelicerae used for sucking blood

156
Q

Palps are used

A

In chelicerae to cut flesh

157
Q

Ticks, mites, spiders, and scorpions are all

A

Chelicerates

158
Q

Two chelicerates of veterinary importance are

A

-Ticks (Acarines)
-Mites

159
Q

Ticks are (2)

A

-external parasites of mammals, birds, and reptiles
-heavy blood feeders that engorge

160
Q

Saliva of ticks (3)

A

-assists with feeding
-carries disease-causing microorganisms
-secretes neurotoxins

161
Q

Babesia is

A

A microorganism carried by ticks that causes tick fever or canine erlichiosis

162
Q

Most venomous tick species is

A

Ixodes holocyclus

163
Q

Ixodes holocyclus

A

Secretes neurotoxins that cause tick paralysis

164
Q

Ticks can cause

A

Blood loss leading to anemia and skin damage

165
Q

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) australis is also called

A

Cattle Tick

166
Q

Cattle Tick Lifecycle

A

-21 days
-has one host (cattle) where the entire life cycle occurs usually in the shoulder/neck region of the host
-egg —> larva —> nymph —> adult female or male

167
Q

Larval development of Cattle Tick can take

A

-2 months in the summer
-up to 7 months in the winter

168
Q

Ticks have denticulated hypostome which means

A

Teeth are backwards so it locks into the host

169
Q

Mites are

A

mostly free living and not parasitic

170
Q

A parasitic mite is

A

Scabies which lives in the burrows of the skin

171
Q

Scabies mites cause

A

Mange

172
Q

Mange is ___ and causes (3)

A

An infectious condition associated with:
-severe dermatitis
-hair loss
-scabs and keratinized skin

173
Q

The family Culicoidea includes

A

Mosquitos

174
Q

Two Culicidae subfamilies of medical importance include

A
  1. Anophelinae
  2. Culicinae (Culex and Aedes)
175
Q

Mosquito anatomy includes (5)

A

-abdomen
-thorax
-head
-legs
-proboscis

176
Q

The proboscis of mosquitos can cause (3)

A

-irritation (Fly Worry)
-allergy
-transmission of viruses

177
Q

Only ____ mosquitos can bite and transmit disease

A

Female

178
Q

Male mosquitos have (2)

A

-longer palps
-long hairs on antennae (feather appearance)

179
Q

How many species of mosquitos are there in Australia

A

72

180
Q

Culicinae mosquitos includes (2)

A

-Aedes (aggressive day bites, hard to eradicate)
-Culex (active at dawn/dusk, common)

181
Q

Anophelinae mosquito includes

A

Anopheles (dawn/dusk, can bite at night)

182
Q

The proboscis of Aedes is

A

Pointed

183
Q

The proboscis of Culex is

A

Rounded

184
Q

The palps of Anopheles are ____ while Culex palps are ____

A

Long; short

185
Q

Three mosquitoes of medical importance are

A

-Culex
-Aedes
-Anopheles

186
Q

Life cycle of mosquitos depends on

A

Temperature

187
Q

Upper threshold life cycle of mosquitos means

A

High temperature, quick life cycle

188
Q

Over wintering in mosquitos means

A

Temperature is too low for egg laying

189
Q

Lower threshold life cycle for mosquitos means

A

Only basic physiological functioning

190
Q

Life cycle of mosquitos

A

-Eggs laid on/above stagnant water surface
-Larva takes air from water surface via siphon or respiratory tube
-Pupa takes air from water surface
-Adult emerges from pupa at water surface

191
Q

Mosquito larvae “breathe” through

A

A siphon

192
Q

Mosquitos are anthrophilic which means

A

Anthro = humans
Philic = loving

193
Q

Moquitos can perceive (4)

A

-CO2
-skin emanations
-temperature
-visual stimuli

194
Q

Culex annulirostris are

A

Fresh water breeding mosquitoes

195
Q

Culex annulirostris can transmit (4)

A

-Ross River Virus
-Barmah Forest Virus
-Heartworm
-Japanese encephalitis

196
Q

Japanese encephalitis is (2)

A

-New in Australia
-transmitted by Culex annulirostris

197
Q

Aedes vigilax are

A

Saltmarsh mosquitoes

198
Q

Three diseases that Aedes vigilax transmit are

A

-Heartworm
-Ross River virus
-Barmah Forest Virus

199
Q

Aedes notoscriptus is a

A

Container breeding mosquito

200
Q

Australian backyard mosquito is called

A

Aedes notoscriptus

201
Q

Aedes notoscriptus can transmit

A

Heartworm

202
Q

The time from blood meal to egg laying in mosquitos is called

A

Gonotrophic Cycle

203
Q

The time from infection of mosquito to infection of vertebrate host is called

A

Extrinsic Incubation Period (EIPs)

204
Q

Which mosquito is invasive and a risk to public health

A

Aedes

205
Q

What factors influence globalization (3)

A

-environment
-biology
-social

206
Q

What affects the emergence of Vector Borne Disease (VBD)

A

Temperature

207
Q

An increase in temperature has what effects on VBD (3)

A

-vector-biting rate
-vector development rate
-pathogen replication

208
Q

A decrease in temperature has what effect on VBD

A

-vector survival

209
Q

Mosquitos are insects which means they are

A

Ectotherms and affected by temperature

210
Q

The effects of climate change are

A

Multiple and non-linear

211
Q

Vector competence involves (4)

A

-isolation of the virus
-infection
-transmission
-association on field

212
Q

5 important VBD are

A

-malaria
-yellow fever
-dengue fever
-filariasis
-encephalitis

213
Q

Uncommon Viral VBDs of mosquitos include (4)

A

-west Nile
-rift valley
-Ross river
-chikungunya

214
Q

Prevention and control of mosquitos involves (2)

A

-insecticides and repellants
-environmental management

215
Q

Challenges in controlling VBDs include (3)

A

-insecticide resistance
-lack of expertise in vector control
-lack of surveillance

216
Q

How can one interrupt the mosquito life cycle (3)

A

-maintain rainwater tanks
-protect yourself
-remove breeding sites in your yard

217
Q

Insects (Hexapoda) are

A

-diverse
-abundant

218
Q

Super segments are

A

3 Tagmata: head, thorax, and abdomen

219
Q

The thorax of Insecta (Hexapoda) has

A

-3 pairs of legs
-sometimes 2 pairs of wings

220
Q

Insecta (Hexapoda) adapted to terrestrial environments through (9)

A

-small size
-exoskeleton
-jointed, hardened locomotory appendages
-excretory system
-advanced respiratory system
-advanced nervous system
-advanced sensory system
-internal fertilization
-resistant eggs

221
Q

The excretory system of Insecta (Hexapoda) is

A

-Composed of tubules that pass through the body
-Waste excreted as uric acid

222
Q

The respiratory system of Insecta (Hexapoda) has

A

-Spiracles on the body that open to the outside
-Trachae (tubules) that ramify through the body and direct oxygen to supply tissues

223
Q

The cerci in cockroaches

A

Detect changes in air pressure

224
Q

The Malphigian tubules in Insects is used for

A

Excretion

225
Q

Arthropod eyes are ancestrally

A

Compound eyes

226
Q

Insect evolution is associated with

A

Evolution of plants

227
Q

The most abundant insect are

A

Beetles

228
Q

Apterygota (4)

A

-primitively wingless
-simple mouthparts
-invasion of land
-includes Springtails and Silverfish

229
Q

Palaeoptera (4)

A

-evolution of wings
-simple insects with simple development
-wings did not fold over abdomen
-includes Dragonflies and Mayflies

230
Q

The development of wings that fold over the abdomen was seen in

A

Orthropteroida

231
Q

Grasshoppers, praying mantis, cockroaches, and stick insects are part of

A

Orthropteroida

232
Q

Enhanced inversion of insects led to two lineages:

A
  1. Hemimetabolous (simple development)
  2. Holometabolous (complete metamorphosis)
233
Q

Hemimetabolous insects are (2)

A

-hemipteroida (includes lice, bed bugs, kissing bugs, etc)
-retain simple development

234
Q

Life cycle of Hemimetabolous insects includes

A
  1. Egg
  2. Nymphs (juvenile forms that look like adults but lack wings and are not sexually mature)
  3. Moulting stage
  4. Adults (sexually mature and may develop wings)
235
Q

Trypanosome cruzi (4)

A

-causes Chagas’ disease
-transmitted by Assassin or Kissing Bugs
-occurs mostly in South America
-chronic disease (scarring and swelling of heart, liver, GI tract)

236
Q

Bed bugs have a life cycle that involves

A

5 nymph stages

237
Q

True metamorphosis is seen in

A

Holometabolous development

238
Q

Holometabolous development involves

A
  1. Egg
  2. Larva specialized in feeding, growth, and development
  3. Larva moults to Pupa (internal, transitional phase)
  4. Adult specialized in reproduction, dispersion, and egg laying (can be feeding or non feeding)
239
Q

Holometabolous groups include (3)

A

-Neuropteroida
-Hymenopteroida
-Panorpoida

240
Q

Advantages of true metamorphosis (3)

A

-allows adults to occupy different habitat from larvae
-exploit different food resources as larvae and adults
-metamorphosis allows insect to escape from temporary habitat

241
Q

Lepidoptera includes

A

-moths
-butterflies

242
Q

Coleoptera includes

A

-beetles
-weevils

243
Q

Siphonaptera includes

A

Fleas

244
Q

Diptera includes

A

-flies
-mosquitoes

245
Q

Three main insect groups of vet significance are

A

-lice
-fleas
-flies (mosquitoes)

246
Q

Lice develop through

A

Hemimetabolous development

247
Q

Lice are (3)

A

-permanent ectoparasites
-small, wingless and dorso-ventrally flattened
-host specific

248
Q

Hooked tarsi are

A

Terminal segments on legs of lice that allow them to grab onto hair/feathers and hook onto host

249
Q

Sucking lice (2)

A

-affect only mammals
-feed on blood

250
Q

Chewing lice (2)

A

-affect mammals and birds
-feed on skin

251
Q

Lice eggs are called

A

Nits

252
Q

Lice cause harm to the host by (4)

A

-irritation, skin damage
-anaemia
-vectors of disease
-intermediate hosts of parasites

253
Q

Mallophaga

A

Chewing lice

254
Q

Anoplura

A

Sucking lice

255
Q

Life cycle of lice is

A
  1. Egg (nit)
  2. 3 nymph stages
  3. Adult
    Takes ~21 days
256
Q

Hematopinus

A

Blood sucking louse of pigs and ruminates

257
Q

Sheep body louse feeds on

A

Skin and wool, decreases production

258
Q

Vectors of typhus are

A

Head/body louse

259
Q

Pubic louse is (3)

A

-host specific to humans
-sexually transmitted
-can also infect eyebrows/eyelashes

260
Q

Fleas are (4)

A

-not permanent ectoparasites
-small, laterally compressed
-have muscular hind legs
-Holometabolous development

261
Q

Life cycle of fleas

A
  1. Eggs laid on host
  2. Larvae contain chewing mouthparts and feed on detritus
  3. Pupae
  4. Adult have sucking mouthparts and are blood feeders
262
Q

Fleas cause harm to the host through (3)

A

-direct harm (hypersensitivity, blood loss, anaemia)
-vectors of bacteria and viruses
-intermediate host to cucumber tapeworm

263
Q

Ctenocephalides felis is

A

The cat flea

264
Q

Major problem in the sheep industry is

A

Flystrike (Blow Fly)

265
Q

Life cycle of Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea)

A

Off Host:
1. Larvae feed on detritus
2. Pupa live off energy stored from larva phase
On Host:
3. Adults drink host blood
4. Eggs

266
Q

Bot fly maggots

A

Grow in internal organs

267
Q

Myiasis

A

Infection of living tissue with maggots

268
Q

The dominant aquatic arthropod are

A

Crustaceans

269
Q

Crustaceans have

A

Extensively specialized appendages

270
Q

Copepods are (4)

A

-an important group of crustaceans
-important food source
-can be parasitic on fish (exploits feeding behaviour by living on tongue as female or in the gills as male)
-used to control dengue mosquitos

271
Q

Crustaceans have two Tagmata:

A

-Cephalothorax (head and thorax)
-Abdomen

VETS1060: Final Exam (16 decks)

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