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Global Biomes and Nutrient Cycles > Lectures 21 & 22 - Pets, farming systems and animal welfare > Flashcards

Lectures 21 & 22 - Pets, farming systems and animal welfare Flashcards

1
Q

what does ‘the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally, to attain optimal health for people, animals and our environment’ define?

A

definition of “one health’

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2
Q

what are the three related elements of one health?

A
  • human health
  • animal health
  • wildlife health
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3
Q

something that plays a big role in globally effective disease control?

A

preventative veterinary medicines and vaccines

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4
Q

what is a Zoonotic disease?

A

a disease that can be transmitted/shared between animals and humans

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5
Q

what forms can zoonotic diseases be in?

A

can be in the form of a virus, bacteria, fungus or parasites

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6
Q

what percentage of human diseases are zoonotic in origin?

A

75% of all human diseases

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7
Q

how many identified zoonotic diseases currently represent a clear threat to our health and the welfare of animals?

A

200+

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8
Q

some zoonotic diseases can be eradicated - such as?

A

rabies

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9
Q

what percentage of global animal production is lost to disease?

A

up to 20%

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10
Q

what is the global financial impact of zoonotic epidemics from 1995 to 2008?

A

over $120 billion

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11
Q
  • changes in land use practices
  • changes in human/animal demographics
  • contamination of food and waterways
  • pathogen evolution
  • environmental changes
  • medical practices
  • population health
    what do these factors effect?
A

the emergence and spread of infectious diseases

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12
Q

8 zoonotic diseases on New Zealand’s list of notifiable infectious diseases

A

Plague (Yersinia pestis), Campylobacteriosis, Salmonella, Toxoplasmosis, Influenza (covers avian influenza and swine flu), Leptospirosis, covid (SARS 2003, MERS 2012), TB

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13
Q

Leading food borne illness in NZ, and common routes of infection?

A

Campylobacteriosis, most commonly acquired from eating contaminated meat (especially uncooked chicken) or unpasteurised milk - also drinking water contaminated with faecal matter/direct contact with animals

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14
Q

how many cases of the plague (black death) in NZ between 1900 and 1911?

A

21 cases

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15
Q

how many deaths caused by the plague/ black death in the 14th century?

A

50 million

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16
Q

how is the plague spread, and what is the bacteria called?

A

two species of rodent fleas, carry plague bacteria Yersinia pestis. are found in NZ

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17
Q

what bacteria is campylobacteriosis caused by

A

campylobacter spp - a zoonotic infection with an asymptomatic carriage (the animals don’t have symptoms)

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18
Q

three main strains of campylobacteriosis, and what they are associated with?

A
  • C. jejuni associated primarily with poultry; (also cattle,
    sheep and domestic pets)
  • C. coli associated with pigs and poultry
  • C. fetus abortions in cattle and sheep
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19
Q

when was the campylobacter risk management strategy released?

A

August 2006

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20
Q

when was the Gastro outbreak in havelock north, and what was it’s cause?

A

august 2016, caused by campylobacter contamination of the water supply through sheep faeces

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21
Q

second most common bacterial cause of food borne illness in NZ?

A

salmonella (salmonellosis)

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22
Q

common routes of infection for salmonella?

A

via food, water, animal contact or exposure to farm environment. the bacteria lives in the gut of animals, which can often be asymptomatic carriers.

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23
Q

which zoonotic disease caused caused extensive mortality in wild birds and enteric disease
in humans in New Zealand during winter/spring 2000?

A

salmonella, specifically S. Typhimurium DT160

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24
Q

two outbreaks of salmonella on NZ farms?

A

S. hindmarsh
- ewe deaths

S. bradenburg
- late pregnancy abortions in sheep (south island)

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25
Q

how is salmonella spread on farm?

A
  • aborting ewes - environmental contamination, black-backed gulls spread
    disease to other farms
  • carrier sheep (stress may trigger shedding), contaminated water sources
    and contaminated sheep yard dust
  • Human cases usually due to work related exposure to the organism, eg.
    farmers and abattoir staff
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26
Q

what parasite is one of the most common in the world, spread by eating infected meat (contains cysts) or exposure of faeces of infected cats?

A

Toxoplasmosis, specifically Toxoplasma gondii

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27
Q

what is the second most common cause of abortion in sheep, problematic when pregnant or in contact with cats?

A

toxoplasmosis

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28
Q

the dairy farming one, with feral animal hosts and environmental vectors (water based)?

A

Leptospirosis

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29
Q

what is constantly mutating to create new strains, like avian/bird flu and swine flu?

A

influenza

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30
Q

what does WHO stand for?

A

world health organisation

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31
Q

if there are a bunch of random dates, probably influenza

A

Spanish Flu 1918 pandemic

  • Driver for scientific collaboration
  • 1947: WHO Interim Committee of the UN established a Global Influenza Programme to track virus changes.
  • 1952: Global Influenza Surveillance Network was officially launched - 26 collaborating laboratories around the world
  • renamed the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) - now comprises 153 institutions in 114 countries
  • Sharing of viral material and data among different nations is a critical tool in global efforts against both seasonal flu and pandemic influenza

March 2019: WHO, Global Influenza Strategy 2019- 2030

  • seasonal influenza prevention and control capacities
  • greater global preparedness for the next pandemic
  • focus on research and innovation; improved influenza modelling and forecasting, development of new vaccines

WHO convenes annual technical consultations in Feb and Sept
* Recommendation for flu vaccine composition for following Northen and Southern hemisphere flu seasons.

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32
Q

coronavirus (CoV) strains?

A
  • SARS 2003 - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
  • MERS 2012 - Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
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33
Q

when did TB (bovine tuberculosis) peak in NZ?

A

1994

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34
Q

when was the national strategy for TB implemented, and a control mechanism?

A

1998, and NATE tags

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35
Q

what bacteria is NZ the capital of the world in, and it’s infection route?

A

Legionella (Legionnaires), it’s not zoonotic or contagious. infection from exposure to potting mix or compost

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36
Q

what happens if you get legionnaire’s bacteria in your lungs?

A

bacteria multiplies to form Pneumonia (legionaries disease) or Pontiac fever

37
Q

what do pasture management, plant health (control the spread of plant disease, eg bacterial pathogen discovered in NZ kiwifruit, (Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae) PSA, environmental and ecosystem health/balance, labour costs” have in common?

A

non zoonotic concerns of one health

38
Q

who controls and monitors antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance?

A

MOH - ministry of health

MPI - ministry for primary industries

39
Q

strategy of one health

A

pre-emptive rather than reactive

40
Q

what is the definition of the term food security?

A
  • having reliable access to food
  • food is available in sufficient quantities
  • available food is affordable
  • available food is nutritious
41
Q

what does this define - “The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio-economic development, for ensuring protection against waterborne pollution and water-related disasters, and for preserving ecosystems in a climate of peace and political stability.”?

A

the definition of water security proposed by UN-Water in 2013

42
Q

what is the most common threat to water security?

A

water scarcity

43
Q

what impact will the population growth over the next 50 years have on food production?

A

will need to increase global food production by 50%

44
Q

what percentage of global freshwater withdrawals does agriculture account for?

A

70%

45
Q

which global region is the largest meat (and milk) producer?

A

Asia

46
Q

globally, what type of meat is the most popular/most consumed?

A

Pork

47
Q

what percentage of global habitable land is used for agriculture?

A

50%

48
Q

what are the top two contributors to NZ’s primary industries export revenue, and their percentages?

A
  1. Dairy, 40%
  2. Meat and Wool, 22%
49
Q

what four factors contribute the most to water scarcity?

A

low rainfall, climate change, high population density, overallocation of water source

50
Q

what are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals
designed to be a “blueprint to achieve a better and
more sustainable future for all”

A

the sustainable development goals

51
Q

who set up the sustainable development goals and when, and when are they intended to be achieved?

A

in 2015 by the United Nations General assembly, intended to be achieved by 2030

52
Q

two main sustainable development goals linked to agriculture?

A
  1. zero hunger
  2. clean water and sanitation
53
Q

remaining five sustainable development goals impacted by agriculture?

A
  1. decent work and economic growth
  2. responsible consumption and production
  3. climate action
  4. life below water
  5. life on land
54
Q

how many times more meat does the world produce now than 50 years ago, and how much more milk?

A

4 times more meat
2 times more milk (double)

55
Q

what is the global current production of meat?

A

340 million tonnes

56
Q

what is the global production of milk?

A

800 million tonnes

57
Q

out of agricultural land, what percentage is used for livestock, meat and dairy vs crops?

A
  • 77% is used for livestock, meat and dairy
  • 23% is used for crops
58
Q

global calorie supply - what percentage is from plant based food vs meat and dairy?

A

82% is from plant based food, 18% is from meat and dairy

59
Q

global protein supply - what percentage is from plant based food vs meat and diary?

A

63% from plant based food, 37% from meat and dairy

60
Q

is the population growth rate growing or slowing?

A

slowing

61
Q

what percentage does the population currently grow by each year?

A

1%

62
Q

when did the global population growth peak (has been falling since), and by what percentage was it increasing by?

A

late 1960’s, and peaked at 2% increase

63
Q

how big was the world’s population in 1900?

A

less than 2 billion

64
Q

how big is the world’s population currently?

A

roughly 8 billion

65
Q

how many people are there estimated to be in 2050?

A

9.9 billion

66
Q

feeding the population - what is there an increase in demand of as incomes grow in many countries?

A

meat and dairy

67
Q

what diet is there a significant global move away from?

A

a mainly starch based diet

68
Q

what type of meat production is increasing the most rapidly globally?

A

poultry

69
Q

what is sustainable development goal 6 (SDG6)?

A

ensuring water and sanitation for all by 2030

70
Q

what is a precondition for human existence, and for the sustainability of the planet?

A

water

71
Q

what is safely managed drinking water and sanitation defined as?

A

a human right

72
Q

how much precipitation falls on land (as opposed to the sea) per year?

A

110,000 km^3 per year

73
Q

how much of the precipitation that falls on land is evapotranspired (evaporated from the soil) by forests/natural landscapes vs rainfed agriculture?

A
  • 56% forests/natural landscapes
  • 5% rainfed agriculture
74
Q

what percentage of precipitation that falls on land is converted to surface runoff (feeding rivers and lakes) and groundwater (feeding aquifers) - and what are these an example of?

A

39% (43,000 km^3 per year)

  • these are renewable freshwater resources
75
Q

what happens to the water after water withdrawal, and its return to the environment some period of time later?

A

the quality of the water returned may be less than when it was originally removed

76
Q

what are the three types of water withdrawal?

A
  • agricultural (includes irrigation, livestock and aquaculture)
  • municipal (towns/cities, including domestic water use)
  • industrial water
77
Q

what type of water withdrawal is the largest water consumer?

A

agriculture

78
Q

what percentage of annual water withdrawals does agriculture (including irrigation, livestock and aquaculture) account for?

A

60-70%

(yes this is a repeat question)

79
Q

how many litres of water is required to produce a kilo of beef?

A

5,000 - 20,000 litres

80
Q

how many litres of water is required to produce a kilo of rice?

A

3,000 - 5,000 litres

81
Q

how many litres of water is required to produce a kilo of soya?

A

2,000 litres

82
Q

most water extensive product to produce, and litres required for a kilo?

A

chocolate - 17,000 litres for a kg

83
Q

how much is the global water demand predicted to increase by, by 2050, and main cause?

A

55%
- growing demands from manufacturing

84
Q

water crisis - what percentage of the global population is predicted to be living in areas of severe water stress by 2050?

A

40%

85
Q

2 main reasons for water crisis (there’s technically enough on a global scale)

A
  • unequal distribution (made worse by climate change)
  • sharp rise in global freshwater demand in recent decades driven by industry
86
Q

what percentage of global cropland is rainfed, and what does this mean efficiency wise?

A

80% - massive potential to double or triple yields per hectare with supplemental irrigation

87
Q

what are precision (drip) irrigation, desalination, drought tolerant plant varieties, more efficient waste water recycling etc all examples of?

A

food production efficiency measures

(will need to be used along the entire agrifood chain needed to help save water and energy)

88
Q

what is crucial to the improvement and sustainability of food security?

A

good water management in agriculture

89
Q

where does a large part of agricultural production take place?

A

in water stressed areas

Global Biomes and Nutrient Cycles (4 decks)

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