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First Aid > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Golden hr?

A

Seriously injured person must be in operating room within 60 mins.

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2
Q

What is the Priority Action Approach?

A
  1. SCENE ASSESSMENT - is it safe
  2. PRIMARY SURVEY - ABC –> RBS –> Oxygen/Blanket.
  3. CRITICAL INTERVENTION AND TRANSPORT (Is it: Ambulance with RTC; Ambulance non-emergency; or Company vehicle)
  4. SECONDARY SURVEY (re-check abc)
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3
Q

What is the secondary Survey?

A

It consists of the:

(1) VITAL SIGNS using the (TIME, Respiration, Pulse, LOC using GCS, Pupils, Skin)
(2) History Taking
(3) Head-to-toe examination
* *it should be completed within 10 minutes while waiting for the ambulance or prior to sending a patient to medical aid.**

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3
Q

What are the 3 parameters of the Glasgow’s Coma Scale?

And what does it measure?

When is a patient in RTC?

A 
Eye Opening Response (1-4)
Verbal Response (1-5)
Motor Response (1-6)

**it measures the patience level of consciousness.

***Patient is in RTC with a score of 13 or lower.

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4
Q

An action taken by attendant when correcting life threatening conditions is referred to as?

A

A critical response

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5
Q

Why do we record the vitals of a patient?

A

(1) they help us decide on the mode of transportation.
(2) Provide a record of the patient’s condition prior to transport.
* *should be conducted within 10 minutes

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6
Q

What is critical incident stress?

A

This is signs and symptoms after a incident. Usually happens within 24 hours of the incident. Can include depression, guilt and grief, anxiety, confusion and fatigue.

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7
Q

What is GCS?

A

Glasgow Coma Scale - it measures the patience level of consciousness (LOC) (eg. brain activity).

This is done when taking vitals.

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8
Q

Signs and symptoms of spinal cord injury:

A
  1. Complete loss of feeling in lower limbs.
  2. Partial loss of motor skills and sensory functions in both arms
  3. Numbness, tingling or weakness in one or more extremities.
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9
Q

What is RBS?

A

Rapid body survey - you are assessing for major bleeding, broken bones, internal bleeding and tingling or numbness of the limbs (spinal injuries).

** This is completed during “C” of the ABCs. The application of Oxygen and blanket can be next, depending on the situation. You can determine afterwards if patient is in RTC or not.

**Afterwards, complete SECONDARY SURVEY

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10
Q

What is CVA?

A

Is a stroke

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11
Q

What is ‘status epilepticus’

A

It is a life threatening prolonged seizure that lasts more than 20 minutes.

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12
Q

What is Petit Mal seizures?

A

A type of seizer common in children.

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13
Q

What are Grand Mal seizures?

A

They are the most typical seizures which follow the classical pattern of seizures. Patients will usually feel a aura feeling prior to seizure.

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14
Q

What is RTC?

A

Rapid Transport category - This means patient is being picked up by ambulance, with lights on!

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15
Q

How are seizures caused?

A

Caused by manifestation of a massive discharge of electrical impulses from the brain.

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16
Q

A ‘focal motor’ seizure may progress to grand Mal seizure.

A

True

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17
Q

The GCS provides what type of information over several tests?

A

The change and direction of change in the patient’s subsequent GCS response. It shows you if the patient is getting worse or better.

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19
Q

Patients with the following symptoms are considered to have severe BRAIN INJURY and are in RTC.

A
  • GCS of 13 or less
  • difference in left and right pupil size and slow response to light.
  • depressed skull fracture.
  • open penetrating head injuries.
  • Unexplained extremity weakness or paralysis regardless of GCS.
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19
Q

Types of open wounds? (5)

A

Abrasion - laceration - puncture - avulsion - amputation.

Plus: crush injuries, burns and electrical injuries.

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20
Q

What is the proper management of a ‘closed wound’?

A
  • Application of cold and pressure within first 48hrs.

* Contusions and hematoma require elevation.

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21
Q

What is a abrasion?

A

Is a surface wound - merely roughening the skin. (Scratch) Infection is primary concern.

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22
Q

What is laceration?

A

Is a cut that may have sharp or jagged edges. Blood loss, infection, functional impairment are primary concerns.

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23
Q

Concerns of a Puncture wound?

A

It may puncture blood vessels and organs causing major bleeding. Careful of puncture wounds near neck, chest and abs since its near major organs.

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24
Q

What is avulsion?

A

Is an exposed wound, with the full thickness of the skin is lost, exposing deeper tissue. Complications of an avulsion injury include loss of blood, infection, and delayed healing.

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25
Q

Risks of amputation?

A

Bleeding, shock, infection and disability.

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26
Q

What is a suture?

A

Stiches.

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27
Q

What should you use to clean the ‘area around’ an open wound?

A

Use a mild anti bacterial detergent - if soaking dilute to 1:20 parts water. Don’t use hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, iodine since they destroy dead tissue. Don’t use in wound.

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28
Q

When to refer patient to a physician with a ‘minor wound’.

A
  1. Wound longer than 3cm
  2. Wounds on palm or back of hand
  3. Require sutures
  4. Wounds that are very dirty
  5. Human or animal bite.
  6. Wounds with embedded material.
  7. Burns
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29
Q

What is saline?

A

Is a water and salt solution that is used to clean open wounds.

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30
Q

Symptoms of Gas Gangrene?

A

Crackling sound when pressing near the wound - gas bubbles under the skin. Provide normal wound care and is in RTC and provide oxygen for shock.

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31
Q

Symptoms of Necrotizing Fasciitis?

A

(Flesh eating disease) - it can destroy human tissue at 3 cm/hour. Fever and sever pain out of proportion than normal wounds.

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33
Q

**Symptoms of Tetanus?

A

(Lockjaw) - causes localized spasms in muscles around then wound site. Tightness in the jaw. Irritability, headache and low fever. Signs may develop as soon as 3 days or late as 3 weeks following injury. If not treated, the mortality rate is 40%. Patient has 36 hrs to get shot!!

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34
Q

What is the general treatment of someone with MAJOR SOFT TISSUE (Open wound) injury?

A
  1. Control bleeding
  2. Prevent infection (especially if there’s organic matter such as animal or vegetable matter involved-should only use saline or water to clean).
  3. Immobilize affected part and keep patient at rest.
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34
Q

How to manage severed limbs? (6)

A
  1. Clean off foreign matter
  2. Wrap in sterile gauze
  3. Moisten but not soak gauze with saline.
  4. Place in sterile bag
  5. Place in another bag with ice.
  6. Transport with patient.
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35
Q

What are the specific steps taken for someone with Major Wounds (open wound)?

A
  1. Primary Action Approach (Scene/ABCs). If patient is unresponsive, not breathing and no pulse assume patient is in cardiac arrest and perform CPR.
  2. Ensure an open airway before you try to control bleeding.
  3. Expose wound and apply direct pressure. Elevate injured limb. If bleeding is arterial and doesn’t stop with direct pressure, apply proximal pressure point (hold 5 minutes) while helper applied direct pressure.
  4. Assess breathing rate and signs of shock (give oxygen if necessary at 10Lpm
  5. Reassess ABCs every 5 mins (RTC)
  6. Bandage and Immobilize limb. Apply cold pack if circulation isn’t compromised.
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37
Q

Where is your cervical spine?

A

Neck part of the spine

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38
Q

Where is your Thoracic spine?

A

Upper part of spine - neck to lower back.

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39
Q

Where is your Lumbar?

A

Lower back

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40
Q

Where is your Sacrum?

A

Butt bone

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41
Q

Where is your Sternum?

A

Middle of chest plate

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42
Q

Where is your Humerus bone?

A

Upper portion of arm bone

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43
Q

Where is your Radius bone

A

Outer bone on lower forearm with thumbs out

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44
Q

Where is your Ulna bone

A

Inner forearm bone - thumbs out

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45
Q

Where is your Femur bone?

A

Upper leg bone

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46
Q

Where is your Tibia bone?

A

Big bone - lower leg

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47
Q

Where is your Fibula bone?

A

Little bone - lower leg

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47
Q

What is a sprain?

A

Is a stretching or tearing of a ligament at joint. If not sure if it is sprain or fracture - always treat as fracture.

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48
Q

Where is your Patella?

A

Knee bone

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49
Q

Symptoms of sprain?

A
  1. Swelling can start immediately
  2. Tenderness
  3. Pain is caused by movement
  4. History is usually one of the joint being twisted or stretched
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50
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

Is a displacement of one or more bones so that the joint surface are no longer in contact.
Symptoms: sever pain, deformity and irregularity, unable to move limb, joint is locked in a deformed position.

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51
Q

Symptoms of a ankle sprain?

A
  1. Pain will be more acute on injured side.
  2. Painful to place weight on leg.
  3. Swelling usually appears after incident.
  4. If ligaments are torn - discolouration will appear.
    * *If patient has full range of motion it is usually a sprain.
    * *If there’s extreme pain during Head-toe body survey then it might be a fracture.
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52
Q

Signs and symptoms of infection:

A

• Increased pain or tenderness around the area.
• heat around the area
• Increase redness
• pus, fever
• red streaks
• Inflamed lympnodes
- signs of infection should be referred to medical aid.

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53
Q

An injury report is:

A

A complete description of what you find when you examine the injury and is filled out every time the attendant see’s the patient and should be signed by the patient.

54
Q

What is a ‘modified’ primary survey?

A 
Completing the ABCs by verbal response:
Patient talking clearly - airways open
Talking normally - breathing adequate
Skin color is normal - circulation
Ask, did you hurt yourself anywhere else - RBS complete.
55
Q

Tetanus shot should be obtained within:

A

36 hours - should always ask this question if patient has wound and had contact with metal.

56
Q

**How to clean metal instruments?

How to clean plastic instruments?

A

Soak in 70% alcohol for minimum 15-20 mins.

Soak in bleach for 10 minutes

57
Q

What is a fracture?

A

Is a break in the continuity of a bone. There’s closed and open fracture. Symptoms: pain is sudden and localized; deformity; tenderness at the point of fracture; discoloration .

57
Q

Management of severe sprain?

A
  • control swelling by elevating
  • if unsure of injury treat as fracture
  • keep weight off for 24 hrs
  • cold packs - 10mins on/5mins off
59
Q

How to treat a contusion (blunt trauma) to the eye?

A

Blunt trams can cause bleeding within the eyeball.
• cover both eyes for comfort
• have patient in sitting position to allow drainage to bottom

60
Q

What is ‘Tincture of Benzoin’ (Friar’s balsam)

A

Is applies to the skin around the wound to help skin closures stick by increasing the stickiness of the skin. Do not get in wound.

61
Q

Management of lacerated eye?

A
  • Do not apply pressure - it can force fluid out and cause permanent damage.
  • cover the eye with eye patch and transport patient lying face up.
  • cover other eye for confort
62
Q

*How to treat thermal burns to eyelids?

A
  • do not examine the eye as this may injure the burned tissue.
  • cover eyes with sterile dressing.
  • do not apply any creams - transport to medical aid.
63
Q

*How to treat ultraviolet injuries?

A

Direct or reflected ultraviolet light from an electric arc or welding torch may cause surface burn to the cornea.

  1. Examine eye for foreign bodies
  2. Cold compress and give pain reliever.
  3. Sever burn will result in being off work and wearing dark sunglasses.
64
Q

*Treatment of penetrating object into eye?

A
  1. History and lay in supine position.
  2. Do NOT wash out eye or remove.
  3. Cover eye with moistened dressing with saline.
  4. Eye should be protected with rigid patch (cup).
  5. Transport in supine position with head elevated.
65
Q

What are the steps taken for someone with a superficial foreign body in the eye?

A
  1. Tell patient to not rub eye.
  2. Obtain history - type of material - velocity.
  3. Clean area around eye and flush eye with saline using eye cup.
  4. (Non sharp) pull top eyelid over bottom eye lid. Try no more than twice.
  5. If this doesn’t work - complete general eye exam.
66
Q

How to treat extruded eyeball?

A
  • should never be pushed back into place.
  • both eyes should be covered with dressing moistened with saline.
  • injured eye should be protected from any pressure.
  • transport in supine position.
67
Q

What are the steps for a ‘General eye exam’?

A
  1. Assess vision before exam to see if there is any difference afterwards. (Light, finger count, read)
  2. Examine for foreign material - checking inner and outer corners. Have them look in all directions.
  3. Remove material with moist cotton tip (only 1 attempt). See dr
  4. Examine cornea
  5. Examine anterior chamber (blood or tears).
  6. Examine pupil size and response
  7. If no material found - inspect upper eyelid (everting eyelid)
  8. Examine eye movements
  9. Reassess patients as you did earlier.
68
Q

How to treat patient with chemical burn to the eye?

A
  1. Irrigate eye for minimum 30 minutes. Use fresh water, tempered water or pref. saline water.
  2. Conduct primary and secondary survey.
  3. Examine and remove particles of chemicals behind eyelids with moist applicator.
  4. Continue to flush eyes in route using IV bag.
69
Q

How to treat tendinitis?

A

• rest part of body
• apply cold 10 every 1-2 hrs
• immobilize affected part by apply work splint.
• reassess daily
Refer to dr if: patient has significant pain, swelling or fever, condition is deterioration in check-up.
**If patient does not improve within 72 hrs/3 days have them see a doctor.

70
Q

What is ASTD?

A

‘Activity Related Soft Tissue Disorder’ or also know as cumulative trauma disorder and repetitive disorder. RISK FACTORS INCLUDE: Repetition, frequency, duration, unaccustomed activity, vibration.

71
Q

What is tendinitis and its symptoms?

A

Is inflammation of the tendon and of its synovial sheath, causing friction and pain. Symptoms: pain with movement, swelling, redness, warmth, a leathery creaking sensation, tenderness.
• symptoms are similar to infection (cellulitis) which is accompanied by fever.

72
Q

How to tell if a patient is in shock or has vascular injury to the injury site?

A

Assess pulse in both limbs, if
• there’s no pulse in both legs the patient is in shock. They will usually have pale skin, cool to the touch and be dry to the touch.

• if the pulse is normal in opposite limb, patient is at risk of vascular injury.

73
Q

What is CTS and its symptoms?

A

‘Carpal Tunnel Syndrome’ - is caused by compression of median nerve at the flexor side of the wrist as it passes into the hand. Usually associated with work that involves frequent repetitive, forceful movements.
Symptoms include: numbness, tingling, or burning of parts of the thumb and index, long, and ring fingers.
• pain and occasional muscle weakness of thumb
• pain at night

74
Q

What are the steps to assess an injured limb? (fracture or dislocated limbs)

A

Listen - to the patients story and if they can move their limb.
Look - for swelling and angulation. Compare with other limb.
Feel - during RTC and Head-to-toe feel for deformity, swelling and point of tenderness. Check for nerve damage by seeing is there is feeling in exterior limb. Numbness or tingling might indicate nerve damage. Compare temp/pulse with other leg.

Patients with no pulse/circulation in injured limb risk losing their leg - RTC.

75
Q

Difference between simple fracture and compound fracture?

A 
Closed fracture (simple) is when the surface of the skin is intact.
Open fracture (compound) fracture is when the skin is broken, usually by the bone.
76
Q

What is immobilization mean?

A

Refers to the method of holding a body part still and prevent movement. Patients that are in RTC should have modified immobilization (manual stabilization or tying leg).

77
Q

Why do we use splints?

A

To immobilize leg and stop the bone from moving and causing more damage by penetrating soft tissue.

78
Q

What are the steps for immobilizing Upper Limbs?

A
  1. Measure and mould metallic splints to UNINJURED limb.
  2. Hand should be placed and maintained in ‘position of function’(unless extreme pain or markedly displaced) with extension of wrist, the hand relaxed and the fingers slightly flexed.
  3. Use crepe bandage - wrap starting from uninjured limb to injured or from proximal to distal part of limb. Use tongue press to leave room for pulse.
  4. Check pulse and circulation in both limbs before and after splinting.
  5. Check neurological function in injured limb (move fingers, what finger am I holding).
79
Q

What’s the difference between wooden and metal splints?

A

Wooden splints are used to immobilize lower limb injuries.

Metal splints are used to immobilize upper limbs or extra support for ankles.

80
Q

What is a First degree burn?

A

Those that affect only the outer layer of the skin. Results in reddening of the skin and pain - heals in about a week.
* You don’t need to dress a 1st degree burn.

81
Q

What is a Second degree burn?

A

Usually involve the superficial part of the dermis layer of the skin. These burns cause fluid to seep into the damaged tissue, raising the top layer of skin and causing blisters (may not happen for several hrs). Severe pain is present. Might go into shock if loss of fluid from blisters.

  • *Treatment - Cool with water until relief. Put moist bandage with dry bandage and lightly wrap.
  • *No ICE and no splint unless obvious fracture
82
Q

What are the steps for immobilization?

A
  1. Steady limb and treat open wounds first.
  2. Cut away clothing and remove jewelry.
  3. Check circulation and motor function distal to the injury site.
  4. Apply cold if circulation is good.
  5. Long bone and joint fractures are normally immobilized in position found (reduce risk of nerve damage).
  6. Limbs that have no circulation may need to be manipulated (dr directions). RTC
  7. Select splint and pad and elevate.
83
Q

Where is the radial pulse?

A

The pulse found in the wrist.

84
Q

What is a Third degree burn?

A

Involved damage to the full thickness of the dermis layer of the skin and underlying fat. The muscles, bones and fat maybe be damaged. These burns damage nerve endings and might not be painful. Skin will appear charred or dry and pale. Risk of going into shock.

85
Q

**What are the management steps for someone with major burns?

A
  1. Cool the skin within 5 minutes reduces pain and injury. Apply for maximum of 10 minutes. Cooling shouldn’t be applied to more than 20% of the body at a time (can cause hypothermia). Never use ice.
  2. Remove burned clothing, rings, wrist watches
  3. Do not break blisters or apply creams
  4. Apply wet dressing on burns to less than 20% of body. Not tight or encircling.
86
Q

What is the priority action approach for serious burns?

A
  1. Put out fire on patient
  2. check breathing, especially when burned indoors. Check nose, mouth, lips for burns or swelling. Ensure clear airways!!
  3. Give oxygen at 10 Lmp
  4. Check circulation
87
Q

How to treat second degree burn?

A
  1. The principal concern is infection, pain and shock caused by loss of fluid.
  2. Cooling should start within 5 minutes and can reduce level of burn. Cool under water until relief.
  3. Dress with wet bandage, and then dry bandage. 4. Put soaker bandages on top and wrap lightly.

Do not pop blisters (risk of infection).

88
Q

Burns that are considered RTC are as follows (7)

A
  1. burn involving smoke inhalation
  2. second degree burn to 10% of the body
  3. third degree burn to 2% body
  4. significant burns involving face
  5. burns encircling a limb
  6. major burns to hands, feet or genitalia
  7. electrical or chemical burns
89
Q

How to treat someone with first degree burns?

A
  1. Cold water compress

2. Stop is patient starts to shiver.

90
Q

How to treat a chemical burn?

A

A chemical will continue to burn as long as it is in contact with the skin. Remove chemical ASAP.

  1. Dilute and remove the chemical by flushing with water for 30 minutes.
  2. Remove any clothing the patient has on the contaminated.
  3. Estimate degree and extent of burn using rule of nine.
  4. Continue flushing or dress using saline soaked dressing.
91
Q

What are the signs of a serious infection of a wound?

A
  • Tenderness around the wound
  • Pus draining from the wound
  • Redness
  • red streaks extending from the wound
92
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Is a band of strong white fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone.

93
Q

What is the lacrimal system?

A

Is the tear ducts in the eyes that help protect, clean and lubricate the eyes.

94
Q

How long should a patient with tendonitis be treated at the first aid level before seeing a doctor?

A

3 days

96
Q

What are ‘Pressure Injection’ injuries?

A

Puncture wounds caused by the injection of a substance under high pressure into the skin are serious injuries. These injuries are at high risk for infection, swelling, underlying tissue injuries, and possibly amputation. The risk of amputation increases if medical treatment is delayed for 6 hours or more.

97
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a dislocation AND fracture limb?

A
  • severe pain
  • obvious gross deformity and irregularity
  • A complete or near complete inability to move the affected joint
  • Joint is often locked in a deformed position.
98
Q

What is the Trachea?

A

is a tube that extends from the lower edge of the larynx (mouth) to the centre of the chest behind the heart.

99
Q

When do you initiate CPR?

A
  1. Patient is unresponsive
  2. Not breathing
  3. No carotid pulse.
100
Q

Procedures for partial airway obstruction? (Responsive Patient)

A
  1. Scene assessment and communicate with patient
  2. Encourage coughing to clear airway.
  3. If lying down, roll patient in lateral position to facilitate drainage.
  4. Use suction if necessary.
  5. If foreign body is suspected of causing obstruction and patient is in severe respiratory distress give abdominal thrusts and back blows (these are ineffective if obstruction is due to swelling, secretions or bleeding).
101
Q

What are the common techniques for opening a airway?

A
  • Cough - is a good effective way to clear airway. It can generate enough force to dislodge and expel most foreign bodies.
  • Finger Sweep - grabbing jaw and tongue with one hand and sweeping with the other allows you to clear the throat.
  • Head-Tilt, Chin Lift - only appropriate with patients that don’t have spinal injury. Tilt head back and lift chin up to open airway
  • Jaw Thrust - best performed on trauma patients. Simple lift jaw up to open airway.
  • Abdominal Thrust, back blows or Chest Compressions.
102
Q

Procedures for complete airway obstruction? (Unresponsive Patient)

A
  1. Scene assessment and communicate with patient.
  2. Position in supine position, check airways and pulse (if absent, perform CPR).
  3. If unable to ventilate, insert ‘oral airway’ and attempt again (only for unwitnessed)
  4. Still not able, remove and perform 30 chest compressions.
  5. Look in mouth, remove anything seen and attempt ventilation.
  6. Unable, recheck jaw thrust or head tilt and attempt again.
  7. Still not able, perform 30 chest compressions and look in mouth and remove anything.
  8. Repeat 3-7 for 2 minutes
  9. Use AED and continue with chest compressions.
  10. If obstruction is relieved, watch for chest to rise
103
Q

Procedures for partial airway obstruction? (Responsive Patient)

A
  1. Ask if they are choking
  2. Get them in safe position - on their knees.
  3. Encourage coughing.
  4. Don’t perform abdominal thrust or back blows because it might make situation worse.
  5. If dislodges - put patient on oxygen and complete PPQRRST.
104
Q

Procedures for complete airway obstruction? (Responsive Patient)

A
  1. Scene assessment and communicate with patient.
  2. Give 5 abdominal thrusts and 5 back blows until foreign material is expelled (repeat sequence).
  3. If the patient becomes unresponsive, lay them down in supine position and give 30 chest compressions.
  4. Look in mouth and remove any foreign material and perform ventilations.
  5. If unable to ventilate, perform jaw thrust or head tilt and attempt to ventilate again. DO THIS TWICE by RETRYING HEAD TILT/CHIN LIFT.
  6. Still unable, perform another 30 chest compressions.
    * *If obstruction persists, perform 4 and 6 over again until it dislodges.
105
Q

Procedures for complete airway obstruction? (Unresponsive Patient)

A
  1. Scene assessment and communicate with patient.
  2. Position in supine position, check airways and pulse (if absent, perform CPR).
  3. If unable to ventilate, insert ‘oral airway’ and attempt again (only for unwitnessed)
  4. Still not able, remove and perform 30 chest compressions.
  5. Look in mouth, remove anything seen and attempt ventilation.
  6. Unable, recheck jaw thrust or head tilt and attempt again.
  7. Still not able, perform 30 chest compressions and look in mouth and remove anything.
  8. Repeat 3-7 for 2 minutes
  9. If obstruction is relieved, watch for chest to rise
    * *Put on oxygen and complete secondary survey.
106
Q

Procedures for complete airway obstruction? (Responsive Patient)

A
  1. Scene assessment and communicate with patient.
  2. Give 5 abdominal thrusts and 5 back blows until foreign material is expelled (repeat sequence).
  3. If the patient becomes unresponsive, lay them down in supine position and give 30 chest compressions.
  4. Look in mouth and remove any foreign material and perform ventilations.
  5. If unable to ventilate, perform jaw thrust or head tilt and attempt to ventilate again. Still unable, perform another 30 chest compressions.
  6. If obstruction persists, perform 4 and 5 over again.
  7. After 2 minutes - assess pulse. If absent, use AED and continue with ventilations and chest compressions.
107
Q

How to treat patient with Allergic Reaction

A
  1. Maintain an open airway
  2. Maintain respiration, assist ventilation if necessary
  3. Maintain circulation
  4. Give oxygen at 10 Lmp by mask.
  5. Patients undergoing an allergic reaction are in the RTC.
  6. Administer EpiPen to thigh, hold on skin for 10 seconds and massage into skin.
108
Q

How to identify poisonous snake and its bite?

A
  • snake has slit like eyes or elliptical pupils
  • mouth has 2 fangs
  • snake has a rattle
  • the bite has 2 puncture marks
  • If venom is injected, there will be instantaneous excruciating pain with associated swelling around the puncture wound.
109
Q

How to treat patient with Snakebite?

A
  1. Lay in supine position and keep calm (no alcohol allowed).
  2. Clean the wound with soap and water - don’t apply ice (can cause amputation). Instead, cover with dressing. Make sure its not restrictive.
  3. Do not excise area or perform suction - can contribute to mutilation.
  4. Support with splint, but do not elevate.
  5. Follow steps of shock management.
110
Q

How to determine if someone is in “Cardiac Arrest’?

A

(1) Attempt to communicate with patient? Any response?
(2) Open airway and check for breathing? (wait 5 seconds)
(3) No breathing or only occasional gasps - check pulse?
Assessment of breathing and pulse should not exceed 10 seconds.

111
Q

What is anatomical position?

A

Head is with eyes forward and chin midline.

112
Q

Things to remember when conducting C-Spine?

A

(1) make sure elbows are braced on ground or thighs.
(2) Explain what is about to happen and to report any pain or resistance.
(3) Apply a gentle pull with the head and realign to anatomical then neutral position.
(4) stop if resistance is felt.

113
Q

What does P-P-Q-R-R-S-T stand for?

A

P - Position (Where is the pain located)
P - Provoke (What makes the pain worse)
Q - Quality (What does it feel like)
R - Radiation (Does the pain move from one region)
R - Relief (Does anything make it feel better)
S - Severity (1-10)
T - Time (How long? Constant? Getting worse?)

114
Q

What is the ABC?

A

(1) AIRWAYS - check to make sure airways or open. Listen for 5 seconds.
(2) Breathing - feel chest for 15 seconds and X breaths by 4.
(3) CIRCULATION - check pulse and X 4 and feel forehead temp, moisture and colour.
* *Complete RBS

115
Q

What happens if a patient rejects an ORAL AIRWAY?

A

Keep jaw in JAW THRUST and try again in 5 minutes when you complete the ABCs again.

116
Q

How much Oxygen is in the air we breath?

Why is Oxygen good for SHOCK?

A

The air consists of 21% oxygen and when we breath out it has 16% oxygen. By applying oxygen the patient is receiving around 60% oxygen.

  • *Shock is a condition that interferes with the body cells to receive oxygen and transport it to the body cells in life threatening.
  • *Any patient with DLOC should get oxygen.
117
Q 
What is a:
Trunk:
Supine:
Prone:
Erect:
Anterior:
Posterior:
Midline:
Medial:
Lateral:
Superior:
Inferior
Proximal:
Distal:
A

TRUNK - Torso of the body, including chest, abs and pelvis. Head, arms and legs are attached to trunk.
SUPINE - lying on back.
PRONE - lying on stomach
ERECT - standing upright
ANTERIOR - the front of body
POSTERIOR - back of body
MIDLINE - imaginary line from top to bottom.
MEDIAL - Closer to midline
LATERAL - the side of body away from midline
SUPERIOR - above or close to the top of head.
PROXIMAL - toward the trunk (only used on limbs)
DISTAL - away from the trunk (only used on limbs)

118
Q

What are the Findings in the Primary Survey that would initiate RTC?

A 
• DLOC
• Partial or complete airway obstruction
• Any condition requiring assisted ventilation.
• Respiratory rate of fewer than 10 breaths per minute or severe dyspnea
• Cardiac Arrest
• Suspected heart attack
wor• Bleeding causing pressure point or tourniquet
• Acute poisoning
• Status epilepticus (sustained seizure)
• Stroke
• Anaphylactic reaction 
• Heart stroke
119
Q

What are the ‘Mechanism of Injury’ for RTC? (8)

A
  • Free fall from hight greater than 6.5 meters (20ft)
  • Severe deceleration in motor vehicle accident
  • Pedestrian, motorcyclist or bicyclist struck at greater speed of 30km/hr.
  • Severe crush injuries
  • Smoke or toxic gas inhalation or carbon monoxide poisoning.
  • Decompression illness
  • Near drowning
  • Electrical Injuries
120
Q

**When to refer a patient to medical aid with tendinitis?

A
  • Patient initially reports with significant pain, swelling or crepitus and limited range of motion
  • daily reassessment shows deterioration in the patient’s condition
  • there’s no improvement
  • infected joint or bursa or cellulitis is suspected
121
Q

**What is the rule of 9?

A

The body is divided into multiples of nine. Each upper extremity counts 9%, head and neck together 9%, each lower extremity 18% and anterior and posterior surfaces of the trunk each 18%. The genitals and individual hands are 1% each.

122
Q

What is the Priority Action Approach for Poisoning?

A

(1) Scene Assessment - Ensure no danger and wear protective gear.
(2) Conduct Primary Survey (ABCs and RBS - no longer than 2 minutes) and note patients LOC.
(3) Mode of Transport?
(4) Make sure to identify the poison and transport to hospital.
(5) Contact Poison Control Center - they might give specific instructions.

123
Q

What are depressants?

A

Common depressants are alcohol, narcotics, tranquilizers and marijuana.

124
Q

What is a stimulant?

A

Common stimulants are cocaine and amphetamines.

125
Q

What are Hallucinogens?

A

Common hallucinogens are LSD, MDA, STP and PCP (Angel Dust).

126
Q

What does cyanotic mean?

A

The lips of the patient are blue/purple. The patient has low level of oxygen.

127
Q

Procedures for Nose bleeds?

A

(1) Have patient lean forward to prevent blood going down throat.
(2) Pinch nose and hold with ice compress on bridge. This will reduce bleeding.
(3) Hold for 15-20 minutes. Check. If still bleeding, hold for another 15 minutes have patient go to the hospital.

128
Q

What is the rule of Ice

A

Ice for 10 and rest for 5 minutes.

129
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Shock?

A 
Is a disorder of the body cells.  There is a lack of oxygen in the blood and build up of acid.  If left untreated, it can become irreversible and result in death.
Symptoms:  
• Cool Skin
• Pale
• Sweating
• Increased heart rate.
Progressive signs:
• absent radial pulses
• Alternative behaviour
• Increase in respiration 
• Thirst
130
Q

How long do people have without oxygen before they die?``

A

4-6 minutes

131
Q

What is the difference between a witnessed and unwitnessed obstructed airway blockage?

A

With the unwitnessed scenario you attempt a Oral Airway. With the witnessed, you already know there is a blockage and start with 30 chest compressions.

132
Q

When to use black blows and abdominal thrusts?

A

When patient is conscious and has a complete airway blockage. Patients with partial are to be encouraged to cough it out.

**You can use chest compressions only on complete oral obstructions. They can be used on conscious and unconscious patients.

133
Q

What is tension pneumothorax?

A

Happens when you block a puncture wound with dressing.

First Aid (1 decks)

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