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[2] Hydrology > Lesson 1: Introduction to Hydrology > Flashcards

Lesson 1: Introduction to Hydrology Flashcards

1
Q

the most common substance on the surface of the earth

A

water

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2
Q

the oceans cover over _____ of the planet

A

70%

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3
Q

it consists of two hydrogen atoms bonded to a single oxygen atom

A

water molecule

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4
Q

distribution of world’s water supply according to C.W. Fetter

saline water in oceans: _____
ice caps and glaciers: _____
surface water: _____
soil moisture: _____
atmosphere: _____

A
  • 97.2%
  • 2.14%
  • 0.009%
  • 0.005%
  • 0.001%
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5
Q

region 1 has _____ classified waterbodies

A

25

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6
Q

region 2 has _____ classified waterbodies

A

54

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7
Q

region 2 has _____ classified waterbodies

A

66

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8
Q

region 4A has _____ classified waterbodies

A

63

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9
Q

region 4B has _____ classified waterbodies

A

81

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10
Q

region 5 has _____ classified waterbodies

A

68

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11
Q

region 6 has _____ classified waterbodies

A

74

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12
Q

region 7 has _____ classified waterbodies

A

45

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13
Q

region 8 has _____ classified waterbodies

A

64

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14
Q

region 9 has _____ classified waterbodies

A

58

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15
Q

region 10 has _____ classified waterbodies

A

47

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16
Q

region 11 has _____ classified waterbodies

A

40

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17
Q

region 12 has _____ classified waterbodies

A

53

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18
Q

region 13 has _____ classified waterbodies

A

40

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19
Q

CAR region has _____ classified waterbodies

A

40

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20
Q

NCR region has _____ classified waterbodies

A

6

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21
Q

the scientific study of water

A

hydrology

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22
Q

hydrology comes from the word _____ means _____ and _____ which
designates _____

A
  • “hydro”
  • water
  • “logos” or “logy”
  • “a study of”
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23
Q

encompasses the interrelationships of geologic materials and processes with water

A

hydrogeology

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24
Q

sometimes used as a synonym for hydrogeology and more properly describes an engineering field dealing with subsurface fluid hydrology

A

geohydrology

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25
Q

the core subject in water management

A

hydrology

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26
Q

hydrology addresses _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____ on earth’s surface, soil, and atmosphere

A
  • occurrences
  • properties
  • movement
  • distribution
  • effects
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27
Q

an interdisciplinary field, which includes geology, hydrology, chemistry, mathematics, and physics

A

hydrogeology

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28
Q

it is necessary to communicate effectively with engineers, planners, ecologist, resource managers etc.; it is useful for soil scientists, engineers, planners, foresters, etc.

A

hydrogeology

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29
Q

deals with the application of fluid mechanics to engineering devices involving liquids; deals with the flow of fluids through pipes or in open channels, design of storage dams, pumps and water turbines

A

hydraulics

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30
Q

study of climatic and physical conditions that govern natural flows in rivers, streams and channels; deals with the occurrence, circulation and distribution of water of the earth and earth’s atmosphere

A

hydrology

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31
Q

used to determine the probable and possible direct run-off to a particular site from natural causes such as precipitation or snow melt

A

hydrologic analyses

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32
Q

a _____ is important for the assessment of the water resources, their management and conservation on global and regional scales

A

good understanding of the hydrologic processes

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33
Q

deals with the estimation of water resources, study of processes such as precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff and their interaction, and study of problems such as floods and drought and strategies to combat them

A

engineering hydrology

34
Q

deals with the distribution of water in the earth’s subsurface geological materials, such as sand, rock or gravel

A

groundwater hydrology

35
Q

focuses on the distribution of water on or above the earth’s surface (it encompasses all water in lakes, rivers and streams, on land and water)

A

surface hydrology

36
Q

a continuous process/circulation of water in the atmosphere, in the subsurface and in surface water bodies in which water is evaporated from water surfaces and the oceans, moves inland as moist air masses, and produces precipitation if the correct vertical lifting conditions exist

A

hydrologic cycle

37
Q

the hydrologic cycle discharges surface water and groundwater from
the _____ to the _____

A

higher elevation; lower elevation

38
Q

what are the four major components of the hydrologic cycle?

A
  • precipitation
  • evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration)
  • infiltration to groundwater
  • runoff and baseflow/streamflow
39
Q

includes all water that falls from the atmosphere to the earth’s surface

A

precipitation

40
Q

what are the two types of precipitation?

A
  • liquid precipitation (rainfall)
  • frozen precipitation (snow)
41
Q

rainfall runs off to the streams soon after it reaches the ground and is the cause of most floods

A

liquid precipitation (rainfall)

42
Q

consists of water droplets so small that their fall velocities are negligible

A

fog

43
Q

fog particles that contact vegetation may adhere, coalesce with other droplets, eventually form a drop large enough to fall to the ground

A

fog drip

44
Q

the loss of heat by radiation from the soil causes cooling of the
ground surface and of the air immediately above it

A

dew

45
Q

condensation of the water vapor present in the air results in a deposit of _____

A

dew

46
Q

the amount of precipitation is expressed as the _____ that falls on a level surface

A

depth (in inches or millimeters)

47
Q

determine rates of rainfall

A

rain or snow gages

48
Q

has a bucket supported by a spring or level balance

A

weighing rain gage

49
Q

a bucket gage consists of a pair of buckets pivoted under a funnel

A

tipping

50
Q

offers a means of obtaining information on a real rainfall distribution

A

microwave radar

51
Q

a graduated post permanently installed at a desired site

A

snow stake

52
Q

two basic mechanisms by which moisture gets into the atmosphere

A

evaporation and transpiration

53
Q

factor that drives the evaporation and transpiration mechanisms

A

sunlight

54
Q

transfer of water from the liquid to the vapor state; controlled by the available energy at the surface

A

evaporation

55
Q

saline water will evaporate less readily than _____

A

fresh water

56
Q

process by which plants remove moisture from the soil through their roots, transport the water through the plants, and eventually discharge it through pores (stomata) in their leaves

A

transpiration

57
Q

essentially the evaporation of water from the leaves of the plants

A

transpiration

58
Q

_____ will transpire a greater amount of water than the _____

A

deep-rooted grasses; shallow-rooted plants

59
Q

combined process/ consumptive use or total evaporation; describes the total water removed from an area by transpiration and evaporation from soil, snow and water surfaces

A

evapotranspiration

60
Q

water that enters the soil system which is a function of soil moisture conditions and soil type, and may reenter channels as interflow or may percolate to recharge the shallow ground water

A

infiltration

61
Q

infiltration of water into the subsurface is the ultimate source of _____ and _____ to the groundwater

A

interflow; recharge

62
Q

if water is applied to a soil surface at an _____, eventually the rate of supply has to exceed the rate of entry, the excess water will _____

A

increasing rate; accumulate

63
Q

the water is supplied to a soil surface at a _____, the water may first enter the _____ readily but eventually will infiltrate at a rate that

A

constant rate; soil; decreases with time

64
Q

this limiting rate asserts that the maximum permissible infiltration rate decreases with increasing time

A

infiltration capacity of the soil

65
Q

refer to as unsaturated zone

A

vadose zone

66
Q

refer to as saturated zone

A

phreatic zone

67
Q

zone that separates the saturated phreatic zone from soil water

A

intermediate zone

68
Q

marks the bottom of capillary water and the beginning of the saturated zone

A

water table

69
Q

it is an overland flow or depression storage when precipitation
exceeds infiltration

A

runoff and baseflow/streamflow

70
Q

the remaining portion of precipitation that becomes overland flow which flows generally in a down-gradient direction to accumulate in local streams that flow to rivers

A

runoff and baseflow/streamflow

71
Q

amount of precipitation that does not evaporate

A

runoff

72
Q

water flowing in streams or water within a river channel; the rate of flow is usually expressed in cubic feet per sec.

A

streamflow

73
Q

what are the two components of stream flow?

A
  • surface water component
  • groundwater component
74
Q

component of stream flow which comprises of surface runoff and direct rainfall

A

surface water component

75
Q

seepage through the streambed or banks

A

groundwater component (baseflow)

76
Q

what are the two measurements of streamflow?

A
  • small channels
  • large channels
77
Q

weir or measuring flume

A

small channels

78
Q

electromagnetic current meter with recording gear

A

large channels

78
Q

a plot of streamflow against time; discharge (say, 1000cu.m/ sec) versus time (months)

A

hydrograph

79
Q

true or false:

the hydrologic cycle has no beginning or end

A

true

80
Q

the process of hydrologic cycle occurs _____

A

continuously

81
Q

a. water _____ from the oceans and the land surface to become part of the atmosphere

b. water vapor is transported and lifted in the atmosphere until it _____ and _____ on the land or oceans

c. precipitated water may be _____ by vegetation, become _____ over the ground surface, _____ into the ground, flow through the soil as _____, and discharge into streams as _____

d. much of the intercepted water and surface runoff returns to the
atmosphere through _____

e. the infiltrated water may _____ deeper to _____ groundwater or seeping into streams to form surface runoff, and finally flowing out to sea or evaporating into the atmosphere as the _____

A
  • evaporates
  • condenses; precipitates
  • intercepted; overland flow; infiltrate; subsurface flow; surface runoff
  • evaporation
  • percolate; recharge; hydrologic cycle continues

[2] Hydrology (1 decks)

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