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ScSc 12n > Lesson 1.2: Historical Sources and Criticisms > Flashcards

Lesson 1.2: Historical Sources and Criticisms Flashcards

1
Q

A first-hand document or primary reference work.

A

Source — Merriam-Webster

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2
Q

artifacts left by the past

A

Source — Howell and Prevenier, 2001

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3
Q

examples of artifacts left by the past

A
  • old paintings
  • remains
  • written documents
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4
Q

the study of historical writing;
method in doing historical research that focuses on gathering documents from various sources (different libraries and archives) to form a pool of evidence needed in making a descriptive or analytical narrative.;
method in doing historical research that focuses on gathering documents from various sources (different libraries and archives) to form a pool of evidence needed in making a descriptive or analytical narrative.

A

historiography

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5
Q

Historiography dervied from the Greek Word

A

historia (past)

graphia (to write)

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6
Q

General kinds of sources to history

A

primary sources

secondary sources

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7
Q

usually be found in memoirs, diaries, and personal journals of individuals

also written by other individuals on behalf of the witnesses of an event

A

primary sources

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8
Q
  • a derivative of primary sources which may provide
    • interpretations
    • reflections
    • criticisms, etc.
  • One example are textbooks that compile and provide interpretations of historical events
A

secondary sources

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9
Q

t/f Newspapers usually narrate events from the witness’ perspective and also provide interpretations and reflections from the writers.

A

true

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10
Q

challenges arised from using primary sources

A

not all historians/enthusiasts can read the primary sources and therefore resort to reading translations of documents

understanding of its context

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11
Q

created solely to leave the information for the other people or the next generation

A

Intentional Sources

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12
Q

created without any intent

A

Unintentional Sources

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13
Q

Kinds of Historic Evidence

A

Written
Archaeological
Oral

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14
Q

usually seen as the best source

A

written source

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15
Q

written evidence is categorized into

A
  • Narrative or literary source
    • documents that follow a narrated chronology for a variety of motives
      • diaries
      • memoirs
      • novels
      • poetry
  • Diplomatic sources
    • legal documents such as executive orders or court rulings
    • viewed as the purest, most trustworthy, and best sources by historians
  • Social documents
    • records from organizations and other bureaucracies
      • birth
      • marriage
      • death records
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16
Q

also known as material remains, also good sources of history

A

Archaeological Evidence

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17
Q

example of archaeological evidence

A
  • sculptures
  • potteries
  • weapons
  • jewelry
  • structures
  • many others
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18
Q

information that is transmitted from one generation to the next through the word of mouth

A

oral evidence

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19
Q

oral evidence are usually from

A
  • folk songs
  • tales and stories
  • rituals from tribespeople which practice premodern life
20
Q

in the age of technology, oral evidence has also evolved in form into

A
  • captured in a film, video, and audio recordings

- they have lesser reliability but can be tested for it

21
Q

reliability of oral evidence can be tested through

A
  • internally (Internal Test)
    • done by checking the coherence of the information content to the period, pace, etc. it is supposed to tell
  • externally (External Test)
    • by knowing whether the narrator is a member of the group that controls the transmission of the information
22
Q

T/F Historians should only trust oral sources if it can be verified by other forms of evidence

A

True

23
Q

Unwritten sources are usually found in

A

museums

24
Q

Highly informative and valuable written sources can be found in

A

archives

25
Q

documents about countries are found in their ____________

A

centralized archives

26
Q

in modern times, many institutions and organizations also have ___________ for their record-keeping

A

independent archives

27
Q

In the Philippines, the largest repository of hstorical sources of national relevance can be found in ________, _________, __________.

These institutions hold substantial documents dating from Spanish colonial documents up to Philippine government documents.

A
  • The National Museum
  • National Library
  • National Archives
28
Q

Other repositories also include institutional libraries of schools and universities, such as in the

A
  • University of the Philippines Diliman
  • Ateneo de Manila University
  • University of Santo Tomas
  • De La Salle University
  • and many others
29
Q

T/F Study centers doesn’t hold historical sources that are specific to a particular subject or topic

A

false. they do hold some.

30
Q

For the spanish period, these are the few reasonable places to go because of their rich collection of Spanish sources

A
  • National Archives
  • Dominican provincial archives (convent of santo domingo)
  • Rizal Library of Ateneo de Manila (Diliman, Quezon City)
31
Q

the Philippine National Archives contains the largest collection of manuscript sources detailing ________________.

A

the entire Spanish colonial period from 1565 to 1898.

32
Q

the philippine national archives contains an estimated _____________ packed into _________ and up until now still uncatalogued except two.

A

11 million documents, legajos (bundles)

33
Q

what topics are catalogued in philipiine national archives?

A
  • guerra, 1837-1898

- Mindanao y Sulu, 1857-1897

34
Q

Most of the sources to be found in the Archives can be classified as _________ taken from listings with topic and subtopic headings

A

scraps of evidence

35
Q

potential sources include

A
  • newspapers
  • speeches of politicians or prominent people
  • interviews
  • films
  • slide shows
  • reminiscences
  • etc.
36
Q

they contain ancestral data such as birth, death, marriage, baptism, and social mobility from one place to another.

A

parish records

37
Q

produce abundant information or can be great sources giving a more or less complete characterization of a certain community.

A

municipal records

38
Q

the repository of various typescript data ranging

  • from ordinances, resolutions, administrative circulars
  • to the cultural activities, barrio records, proceedings of the town council, and ecological data from the engineer’s office spelling out town planning and development.
A

municipal secretary’s office

39
Q

Social, urban, and oral history can be written based on these data available from the

A

municipal offices

40
Q

where only a part of what has happened in the past, was observed and recorded will come to be of use to the historians.

A

historical criticism

41
Q

Two levels/parts of Historical Criticism

A

External criticism

Internal criticism

42
Q

concerned with the question of the authenticity of a historical source

A

External criticism

43
Q

concerned with the credibility and reliability of the content of the historical source

A

Internal criticism

44
Q

done by identifying the author of the source, the location and time of its production, and the material’s value as evidence

A

External criticism

45
Q

done by identifying the author of the source, the location and time of its production, and the material’s value as evidence

A

Internal criticism

46
Q

The most basic test is to see if the material is ________

A

not anachronistic (does not belong to the period it is said to be in)

47
Q

Aside from this basic test, historians might also look into disciplines like these to examine the authenticity of documents

A
  • sigillography (sigils)
  • paleography (hand-writing)
  • genealogy (lineage)
  • heraldy (coat of arms)
  • linguistics (grammar and vocabulary)
  • and many others

ScSc 12n (2 decks)

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