LESSON 2

Question 1

there is loss of oxygen
level on that specific
organ or on that
specific cell

Answer 1

Hypoxia

Question 2

i.e., allergies

Answer 2

Immunologic Reactions

Question 3

this can be due to
accidents, any form of
physically induced type
of injury on the body

Answer 3

Physical Agents

Question 4

the abnormality comes
from your parents so it
was passed to you
during pregnancy

Answer 4

Genetic Abnormalities

Question 5

can be harmful into our
body

Answer 5

Chemical Agents and Drugs

Question 6

there is no
homeostasis on the
tissues that resulted to
cellular injury

Answer 6

Nutritional Imbalances

Question 7

such as the bacteria,
the parasites, and the
viruses

Answer 7

Infectious Agents

Question 8

● Alteration in cell structure due to stress or pathologic stimuli
➔ The most common response of the cells in almost all types of diseases.

Answer 8

CELLULAR INJURY

Question 9

MORPHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN CELL INJURY

Answer 9

Generalized swelling of cells and organelles
Blebbing in plasma membrane
Detachment ribosome from RER
Clumping of nuclear chromatin

Question 10

According to cell size, apoptotic death will be ________while
necrosis is __________

Answer 10

reduced
enlarged

Question 11

Refers to whether the neighboring cells are also
infected or affected

Answer 11

Adjacent Inflammation

Question 12

________________ are cysteine proteases that can cleave
the aspartic acid residue

Answer 12

Caspases

Question 13

Eliminates cells that are no longer needed, or
those that have served their purposes
(Its time span is already finished)

Answer 13

Physiologic

Question 14

Eliminates cells that are injured beyond repair
without eliciting host reaction

Answer 14

Pathologic

Question 15

TYPES OF NECROSIS ACCORDING TO LOCATION OR EXTENT

Answer 15

Focal
massive

Question 16

There is inflammation or injury that only happen on
the certain area in the body

Answer 16

Focal

Question 17

Widespread

Answer 17

Massive

Question 18

TYPES OF NECROSIS ACCORDING TO MORPHOLOGY

Answer 18

I. COAGULATIVE
II. LIQUEFACTIVE
III. GANGRENOUS

Question 19

Considered as a massive tissue death

Answer 19

GANGRENOUS

Question 20

➔ Tissue becomes liquid viscous
mass due to digestion of dead
cells, so there is rapid total
enzymatic dissolution of the
cells

Answer 20

LIQUEFACTIVE

Question 21

➔ Tissue is firm because
architecture is preserved

Answer 21

I. COAGULATIVE

Question 22

Considered as the sterile type of gangrenous
necrosis due to arterial occlusion; ischemic
type of necrosis

Answer 22

DRY GANGRENE

Question 23

➔ More foul due to the increment in bacterial
action and an ischemic injury leading to a very
odorous smell, a decaying-like appearance,
and a non-sharp demarcation line

Answer 23

WET GANGRENE

Question 24

➔ Fat destruction due to pancreatic lipase
➔ Note: pancreatic lipase is released into the surrounding
tissues splitting the neutral fats into fatty acids and glycerol
without affecting the cell membrane
◆ Lipase splits fat into fatty acids (FA) and glycerol
◆ Fatty Acids + Calcium = Chalky-white areas (fat
saponification (soap-like appearance)
● Replaced by phosphoric acid

➔ Seen in acute pancreatitis

Answer 24

FAT

Question 24

➔ “Cheese-like” (resembles soft friable cheese)
➔ Friable white appearance of necrotic area
➔ Can be seen in patients with tuberculosis and granuloma
➔ Characterized by a collection of soft and whitish gray debris
that resembles a chees

Answer 24

CASEOUS

Question 25

➔ Seen in immune reactions when antigen-antibody complexes
are deposited in walls of arteries
◆ Due to genetic origin which involves immune
complex

➔ Immune complex + fibrin = fibrinoid (bright pink and
amorphous appearance in H&E staining)

Answer 25

FIBRINOID