Lesson 20 Y words Flashcards

1
Q

stumble
verb
UK /ˈstʌm.bəl/ US /ˈstʌm.bəl/

A

спотыкаться, запинаться, оступаться
stumble verb (WALK)
C2 [ I ]
to step awkwardly while walking or running and fall or begin to fall:
- Running along the beach, she stumbled on a log and fell on the sand.

[ I usually + adv/prep ]
to walk in a way that does not seem controlled:
- We could hear her stumbling about/around the bedroom in the dark.
- He pulled on his clothes and stumbled into the kitchen.

ошибиться, запинаться, замяться
stumble verb (PAUSE)
C2 [ I ]
to make a mistake, such as repeating something or pausing for too long, while speaking or playing a piece of music:
- When the poet stumbled over a line in the middle of a poem, someone in the audience corrected him.

stumble across/on/upon sth/sb
to discover something by chance, or to meet someone by chance:
- Workmen stumbled upon the mosaic while digging foundations for a new building.

stumble into something
- Fry says he stumbled into guitarmaking.

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2
Q

gradual
adjective
UK /ˈɡrædʒ.u.əl/ US /ˈɡrædʒ.u.əl/

A

B2
happening or changing slowly over a long period of time or distance:
- There has been a gradual improvement in our sales figures over the last two years.
- As you go further south, you will notice a gradual change of climate.

changing or developing slowly or by small degrees:
- He has suffered a gradual decline in health over the past year.

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3
Q

steady
adjective
UK /ˈsted.i/ US /ˈsted.i/

A

устойчивый, постоянный, неуклонный, равномерный
steady adjective (GRADUAL)
B2
happening in a smooth, gradual, and regular way, not suddenly or unexpectedly:
- The procession moved through the streets at a steady pace.
- Orders for new ships are rising, after several years of steady decline.
- Over the last ten years he has produced a steady flow/stream/trickle of articles and papers.
- Progress has been slow but steady.

steady adjective (FIRM)
B2
not moving or changing suddenly:
- I’ll hold the boat steady while you climb in.
- Most rental prices have held steady this year.
- Young people assume that if you are in a steady relationship, you don’t have to worry about HIV.

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4
Q

comprehend
verb [ I or T, not continuous ] formal
UK /ˌkɒm.prɪˈhend/ US /ˌkɑːm.prəˈhend/

A

to understand something completely:

  • He doesn’t seem to comprehend the scale of the problem
  • [ + question word ] I’ll never comprehend why she did what she did.
  • [ + that ] I don’t think he fully comprehends that she won’t be here to help him.

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5
Q

douse
verb [ T ] (also dowse)
UK /daʊs/ US /daʊs/

A

to make something or someone wet by throwing a lot of liquid over it, him, or her:
- We watched as demonstrators doused a car in/with petrol and set it alight.

to stop a fire or light from burning or shining, especially by putting water on it or by covering it with something

  • Efforts to douse the flames were hampered by high winds.
  • Douse the lights (= turn off the lights).

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6
Q

extinguish
verb [ T ]
UK /ɪkˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/ US /ɪkˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/

A

extinguish verb [T] (FIRE/LIGHT)
to stop a fire or a light burning:
- It took the firefighters several hours to extinguish the flames.
- to extinguish a cigarette

extinguish verb [T] (FEELING/IDEA)
literary
to stop or get rid of an idea or feeling:
- Nothing could extinguish his love for her.

extinguish | BUSINESS ENGLISH
LAW
аннулировать
to take something away, for example a right to do something:
- A deed restriction extinguishes the right to use or develop a property for certain things.

FINANCE
выплачивать, погашать долг
to decide that a debt does not have to be paid:
- With interest the debt doubled and was not finally extinguished until years later.

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7
Q

struggle
verb
UK /ˈstrʌɡ.əl/ US /ˈstrʌɡ.əl/

A

struggle verb (EFFORT)
B2 [ I ]
to experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do something:
- [ + to infinitive ] The dog had been struggling to get free of the wire noose.
- I’ve been struggling to understand this article all afternoon.
- Fish struggle for survival when the water level drops in the lake.

struggle along, through, out, etc.
to move somewhere with great effort:
- He struggled along the rough road holding his son.
- By this time he’d managed to struggle out of bed.

[ I ] informal
to be in danger of failing or being defeated:
- After the first half, United were really struggling.

struggle verb (FIGHT)
B2 [ I ]
to fight, especially with your hands:
- He struggled with his attacker who then ran away.

struggle | BUSINESS ENGLISH
to try or fight very hard in order to do or get something:
(struggle with/against sth)
- For years she struggled with the department to get her ideas accepted.
(struggle for sth)
- Women struggle for equal rights.

to find it extremely difficult to succeed or to achieve something:
- In the current climate many small businesses are struggling.
(struggle to do sth)
- The Government will struggle to achieve its target of 15% of electricity from renewables.
(struggle along/through)
- The company may struggle along on its own but a merger with a stronger company would be better for its pension holders.

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8
Q

wreckage
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈrek.ɪdʒ/ US /ˈrek.ɪdʒ/

A

C2
a badly damaged object or the separated parts of a badly damaged object:
- Two children were trapped in the wreckage.
- The wreckage of the car was scattered over the roadside.
- Experts were sent to inspect the plane’s wreckage.

what is left of something that has been spoiled or that has failed:
- Kate was still clinging to the wreckage of her failed marriage.

wreckage | BUSINESS ENGLISH
a situation in which something has been badly damaged or destroyed:
- The bank’s directors should not be allowed to walk away from the financial wreckage they created.

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9
Q

dull
adjective
UK /dʌl/ US /dʌl/

A
dull adjective (BORING)
B1
not interesting or exciting in any way:
- She wrote dull, respectable articles for the local newspaper.
- He's pleasant enough, but deadly dull

dull adjective (NOT BRIGHT)
C1
not clear, bright, or shiny:
- We could just see a dull glow given off by the fire’s last embers.

dull adjective (NOT SHARP)
A dull sound or pain is not sharp or clear:
- I heard a dull thud from the kitchen and realized she must have fainted.
- The dull rumble of traffic woke her.
- She felt a dull ache at the back of her head.
- a dull knife

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10
Q

dull
verb [ T ]
UK /dʌl/ US /dʌl/

A

притупить
to make something less severe:
- Homeless children sniff glue to dull their hunger pains.

to make something less sharp or clear:
- Lack of sleep will dull your reflexes.

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11
Q

charcoal
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈtʃɑː.kəʊl/ US /ˈtʃɑːr.koʊl/

A

древесный уголь
a hard, black substance similar to coal that can be used as fuel or, in the form of sticks, as something to draw with:
- lamb grilled on charcoal
- charcoal for the barbecue
- a charcoal drawing
- with a thick charcoal he traced out the line of the front

Charcoal gray is a dark gray color:

  • a charcoal gray suit
  • his charcoal sweater

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12
Q

toad
noun [ C ]
UK /təʊd/ US /toʊd/

A

жаба, гадина
a small, brown animal, similar to a frog, that has big eyes and long back legs for swimming and jumping:
- Toads have drier, lumpier skins than frogs and spend less time in the water.

toad noun [C] (MAN)
informal
an extremely unpleasant man, especially one who is not very physically attractive:
- [ as form of address ] You lying toad!

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13
Q

rod
noun [ C ]
UK /rɒd/ US /rɑːd/

A

жезл, прут, стержень, штанга
rod noun [C] (POLE)
a long, thin pole made of wood or metal:
- He was given a fishing rod for his birthday.
- The concrete is strengthened with steel rods.

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14
Q

skyrocket
verb [ I ]
UK /ˈskaɪˌrɒk.ɪt/ US /ˈskaɪˌrɑː.kɪt/

A

to rise extremely quickly or make extremely quick progress towards success:
- Housing prices have skyrocketed in recent months.

skyrocket | BUSINESS ENGLISH
to rise or become successful extremely quickly:
- San Diego electricity prices skyrocketed to 20¢ per kilowatt hour.

skyrocketing
adjective [ before noun ]
- Borrowers now face skyrocketing payments.

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15
Q

bid
verb
UK /bɪd/ US /bɪd/

A

bid verb (OFFER)
C2 [ I or T ] present participle bidding | past tense bid | past participle bid
to offer a particular amount of money for something that is for sale and compete against other people to buy it, especially at a public sale of goods or property:
- She knew she couldn’t afford it, so she didn’t bid.
- The communications group has shown an interest in bidding for the company.
- A foreign collector has bid $500,000 for the portrait.
[ + two objects ]
- What am I bid for this fine vase?

[ I ] present participle bidding | past tense bid | past participle bid
If two or more people bid for a job, they compete with each other to do the work by offering to do it for a particular amount of money:
- The department is trying to ensure fairer competition among firms bidding for city contracts.

[ T + to infinitive ] present participle bidding | past tense bid | past participle bid
If someone bids to do something, they compete with other people to do it:
- Paris is bidding to host the next Olympics.

bid | BUSINESS ENGLISH
[ I or T ] COMMERCE, FINANCE
to compete to buy something by offering a particular amount of money for it:
- We have a keen interest in the property, although we have not made any definite decision to bid.
(bid for sth)
- Potential buyers must register and bid for items online before the cutoff dates.
(bid sth for sth)
- The previously unknown company bid $9.3 billion for the oil fields.

[ I ]
to compete for work by offering to do it for a particular price:
(bid for sth)
- Taylor-Stanley yesterday confirmed it had bid for the contract.
(bid on sth)
- Follow these steps to bid successfully on a government contract.

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16
Q

airfare
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈeə.feər/ US /ˈer.fer/

A

стоимость авиабилетов
the money that someone pays to travel by plane:
- Transatlantic airfares are going up.
- a first-class/round-trip airfare
(average/higher/lower airfares)
- The number of people entering the United States has soared in recent years, thanks to lower airfares.

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17
Q

halt
verb [ I or T ]
UK /hɒlt/ US /hɑːlt/

A

to (cause to) stop moving or doing something or happening:

  • “Halt!” called the guard. “You can’t go any further without a permit.”
  • Production has halted at all of the company’s factories because of the pay dispute.
  • Security forces halted the demonstrators by blocking the road.
  • [ T ] Congress voted additional funds in an effort to halt the spread of the disease.
  • [ T ] Nationwide, mail delivery was halted by the strike.

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18
Q

halt
noun [ S ]
UK /hɒlt/ US /hɑːlt/

A

an occasion when something stops moving or happening:

  • the recent halt in production
  • Severe flooding has brought trains to a halt (= prevented them from moving) on several lines in Scotland.
  • The bus came to a halt (= stopped) just in time to avoid hitting the wall.
  • If traffic increases beyond a certain level, the city grinds to a halt (= stops completely).
  • The car screeched to a halt (= stopped suddenly and noisily) just as the lights turned red.

call a halt to sth
to prevent something from continuing:
- How many more people will have to die before they call a halt to the fighting?

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19
Q

acute
adjective
UK /əˈkjuːt/ US /əˈkjuːt/

A

острая, резка, сильная
acute adjective (EXTREME)
If a bad situation is acute, it causes severe problems or damage:
- She felt acute embarrassment/anxiety/concern at his behaviour.
- The problem of poverty is particularly acute in rural areas.

An acute pain or illness is one that quickly becomes very severe:

  • acute abdominal pains
  • an acute attack of appendicitis

Compare chronic (LONG-LASTING)

acute adjective (ACCURATE/CLEVER)
used to describe intelligence, thinking, feeling, hearing, seeing, smelling, or tasting, etc. that are very good, accurate, and able to notice very small differences:
- acute eyesight/hearing
- an acute sense of smell
- a woman of acute intelligence/judgment
acute adjective (ANGLE)
An acute angle is less than 90 degrees.
Compare obtuse (ANGLE) specialized; reflex

acute | BUSINESS ENGLISH
if a bad situation is acute, it causes severe problems or damage:
- The problem is particularly acute for small businesses.
- an acute conflict/crisis/need

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20
Q

ease
verb
UK /iːz/ US /iːz/

A

ease verb (MAKE LESS)
[ I or T ]
to make or become less severe, difficult, unpleasant, painful, etc.:
- To ease the problem of overcrowding, new prisons will be built.
- These pills should ease the pain.
- After the arrival of the United Nations soldiers, tension in the area began to ease.

ease verb (MOVE)
[ T + adv/prep ]
to move or to make something move slowly and carefully in a particular direction or into a particular position:
- She eased the key into the lock, anxious not to wake anyone.
- I eased myself out of the chair.

ease sb’s mind
to stop someone from worrying:
- If it eases your mind, I’ll have a word with Charlotte for you.

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21
Q

ease up/off
— phrasal verb with ease verb
UK /iːz/ US /iːz/

A

(STOP)
to gradually stop or become less:
- At last the rain began to ease off.

(WORK LESS)
to start to work less or do things with less energy:
- As he got older, he started to ease up a little.

(TREAT LESS SEVERELY)
to start to treat someone less severely:
- I wish his supervisor would ease up on him a bit.

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22
Q

ease sb out
— phrasal verb with ease verb
UK /iːz/ US /iːz/

A

to make someone leave a job or powerful position:
- The head teacher was eased out of his job after teachers and parents accused him of being autocratic.

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23
Q

exceed
verb [ T ]
UK /ɪkˈsiːd/ US /ɪkˈsiːd/

A

C1
to be greater than a number or amount, or to go past an allowed limit:
- The final cost should not exceed $5,000.
- The success of our campaign has exceeded our wildest expectations.
- She was found guilty on three charges of exceeding the speed limit.

exceed | BUSINESS ENGLISH
to go past the level, limit, rate, etc. that you are allowed:
- Customers who exceed their credit limits will be charged a fee.

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24
Q

jab
verb
UK /dʒæb/ US /dʒæb/
-bb-

A

[ I or T, usually + adv/prep ]
to push or hit something forcefully and quickly, often with a thin or sharp object:
- The doctor jabbed the needle into the dog’s leg.
- Watch out! You nearly jabbed me in the eye with your umbrella!
- He was jabbing a finger at (= towards) them and shouting angrily.

[ T ] UK informal
to use a needle and syringe (= small tube) to put a liquid such as a drug into a person’s body:
- By the end of May, we will have jabbed more than 10,000 people.
- Thanks to the good folk at Queens Medical Centre for jabbing me.

[ I ]
to make quick forceful hits with your fist (= closed hand) when boxing

[ T ]
to kick a ball hard and quickly:
- He jabbed the ball into the net in the final minute of the game.

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25
Q

tapestry
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈtæp.ɪ.stri/ US /ˈtæp.ə.stri/

A

гобелен
a piece of cloth with a pattern or picture that is created by sewing or weaving different coloured threads onto a special type of strong cloth:
- None of the artists had designed tapestries before.
- There were rich vases as tall as a man and tapestries hung from the rough stone

something that is made of many different parts:

  • The instruments blend together, weaving tapestries of sound, while the pace of the music changes constantly.
  • They all have contributed to the rich tapestry of mankind.

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26
Q

come apart
— phrasal verb with come verb
UK /kʌm/ US /kʌm/
came | come

A

C2
to separate into several pieces:
- I picked up the book and it came apart in my hands.
- My boots are coming apart at the seams.

(often used figuratively)

  • a coalition that is coming apart
  • Their marriage is coming apart at the seams.

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27
Q

choke
verb
UK /tʃəʊk/ US /tʃoʊk/

A

душить, задыхаться, давиться, поперхнуться
choke verb (STOP BREATHING)
[ I or T ]
If you choke, or if something chokes you, you stop breathing because something is blocking your throat:
- She choked to death on a fish bone.
- Children can choke on peanuts.
- Peanuts can choke a small child.

[ T ]
to make someone stop breathing by pressing their throat with the hands

choke verb (FILL)
[ T usually passive ]
(also choke up)
to fill something such as a road or pipe, so that nothing can pass through:
- At lunchtime the streets were choked with traffic.

choke verb (FAIL)
[ I ] informal
(also choke it)
(usually in sports) to fail to do something at a time when it is urgent, usually because you suddenly lose confidence:
- He could score points at will during the qualifying matches, but in the final he completely choked.

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28
Q

punctuate
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈpʌŋk.tʃuː.eɪt/ US /ˈpʌŋk.tuː.eɪt/

A

punctuate verb [T] (MARK TEXT)
to place special marks in a text that show the divisions between its different parts:
- I would punctuate that sentence differently.

punctuate verb [T] (REPEAT)
formal
to happen or cause something to happen repeatedly while something else is happening; to interrupt something repeatedly:
- The president spoke at length in a speech punctuated by applause.
- His comments were punctuated by shouts from hecklers.

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29
Q

garment
noun [ C ] formal
UK /ˈɡɑː.mənt/ US /ˈɡɑːr.mənt/

A

предмет одежды, одежда
any article of clothing:
- dresses, suits, and other garments.
C1
a piece of clothing
- He’s fussy about how a garment fits him.

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30
Q

veined
adjective
UK /veɪnd/ US /veɪnd/

A

with many veins, or covered with lines that look like veins:

  • A thin, veined hand lay on the coverlet.
  • veined cheese/marble

-veined
suffix
UK US / -veɪnd/

having veins of a particular type or number:

  • The plant has masses of mid-pink, darkly-veined flowers.
  • There, under a tree, sat a fat black insect with translucent orange-veined wings.

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31
Q

drowning
noun [ C or U ]
UK /ˈdraʊn.ɪŋ/ US /ˈdraʊn.ɪŋ/

A

утопление
death caused by being underwater and not being able to breathe, or a case when this happens:
- There were three drownings in the lake last year.
- death by drowning

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32
Q

refuse
noun [ U ] formal
UK /ˈref.juːs/ US /ˈref.juːs/

A

unwanted waste material, especially material that is regularly thrown away from a house, factory, etc.:
- garden/kitchen refuse

Synonyms
garbage US
rubbish UK
trash (THINGS) US

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33
Q

grief
noun [ C or U ]
UK /ɡriːf/ US /ɡriːf/

A

горе, печаль
B2
very great sadness, especially at the death of someone:
- Her grief at her son’s death was terrible.
- Newspapers should not intrude on people’s private grief.
- She describes the anxieties and griefs caused by war.

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34
Q

thump
verb [ I or T ]
UK /θʌmp/ US /θʌmp/

A

to hit something and cause a noise:
- Someone was thumping on the door.

UK
to hit someone with your fist (= closed hand):
- He thumped him in the face.

sb’s head thumps
UK
If your head thumps, you can feel pain in strong beats in your head:
- When I woke up my mouth was dry and my head was thumping.

sb’s heart thumps
If your heart thumps, it beats more strongly and quickly than usual, because of exercise, fear, or excitement:
- She stood outside his room, her heart thumping.

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35
Q

whip
verb
UK /wɪp/ US /wɪp/
-pp-

A

стегануть, хлестать, взбить
whip verb (DO QUICKLY)
[ T usually + adv/prep ]
to bring or take something quickly:
- She whipped a handkerchief out of her pocket and wiped his face.
- He whipped the covers off the bed.
- They whipped my plate away before I’d even finished.

[ I or T, + adv/prep ] literary
to (cause something to) move quickly and forcefully:
- The wind whipped across the half-frozen lake.
- A fierce, freezing wind whipped torrential rain into their faces.

whip verb (BEAT FOOD)
[ T ]
to beat food, especially cream, with a special piece of equipment in order to make it thick and firm:
- Could you whip the cream for me?
- Try whipping a little brandy or other liqueur into the cream.
- Top with whipped cream and a sprinkle of sugar.

whip verb (HIT)
[ T ]
to hit a person or animal with a whip:
- I don’t like the way the drivers whip their horses.

whip verb (DEFEAT)
[ T ] informal
to defeat a person or a team in a competition, especially in a sport:
- They beat us last time, but we whipped them in a rematch.
- He whipped him in their fight two years ago.

whip verb (STRAP)

[ T ]
to hit a person with a whip, esp. for punishment, or to hit an animal with a whip in order to control it or make it move more quickly:
- To train them, owners often whip their pit bulls.
- (fig.) Dallas whipped Buffalo 52 to 17 (= beat them by this score).

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36
Q

braid
noun
UK /breɪd/ US /breɪd/

A
коса
braid noun (HAIR)
[ C ]
pieces of hair or other material joined in a special pattern:
- Andrea wears her hair in braids.

braid noun (CLOTH)
[ U ]
a thin strip of cloth or twisted threads used as decoration esp. in uniforms:
- gold braid

braid
verb [ I or T ] mainly US
UK /breɪd/ US /breɪd/
(UK usually plait)

to join three or more pieces of hair or string-like material by putting them over each other in a special pattern:

  • She braided the horse’s tail.
  • a braided leather bracelet/belt

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37
Q

twitch
verb
UK /twɪtʃ/ US /twɪtʃ/

A

дёргаться, подёргиваться
twitch verb (MOVE SLIGHTLY)
[ I or T ]
(to cause) to make a sudden small movement with a part of the body, usually without intending to:
- He tried to suppress a smile but felt the corner of his mouth twitch.
- She twitched her nose like a rabbit.

twitch verb (PULL)
[ T ]
to give something a sudden light pull:
- You’ll feel something twitch the line when you get a fish.

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38
Q

litter
noun
UK /ˈlɪt.ər/ US /ˈlɪt̬.ɚ/

A

litter noun (RUBBISH)
B2 [ U ]
small pieces of rubbish that have been left lying on the ground in public places:
- About two percent of fast-food packaging ends up as litter.

litter noun (BABY ANIMALS)
[ C, + sing/pl verb ]
a group of animals that are born at the same time and have the same mother:
- a litter of kittens

litter noun (BED)
[ U ]
dried grass or plant stems used by animals as a bed

litter noun (ANIMAL TOILET)
[ U ]
a substance that is put in a container to be used as a toilet by pets:
- cat/pet litter

litter
verb [ T ]
US /ˈlɪt̬·ər/
litter verb [T] (THROW WASTE)

to throw pieces of paper and other small objects on the ground in public places:
- The park was littered with bottles and soda cans after the concert.

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39
Q

creak
verb [ I ]
UK /kriːk/ US /kriːk/

A

скрипеть, скрипнуть, заскрипеть
When a door, floorboard, etc. creaks, it makes a long low sound when it moves or is moved:
- The door creaked on its hinges.
- I heard the floorboards creak as he crept closer.
Synonym
squeak

creak
noun [ C ]
UK /kriːk/ US /kriːk/

a noise made when something creaks:
I heard a creak on the stairs.

creaky
adjective US /ˈkri·ki/
- a creaky elevator

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40
Q

glitter
verb [ I ]
UK /ˈɡlɪt.ər/ US /ˈɡlɪt̬.ɚ/

A

to produce a lot of small, bright flashes of reflected light:
- Her diamond necklace glittered brilliantly under the spotlights.

literary
If someone’s eyes glitter, they look bright and express strong feeling:
- His dark eyes glittered with anger behind his glasses.

glitter
noun [ U ]
US /ˈɡlɪt̬·ər/

little, bright flashes of reflected light:
- the glitter of moonlight on the lake

Glitter is also very small pieces of shiny material used to decorate a surface:
- Decorate the dress with glitter and buttons.

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41
Q

frantic
adjective
UK /ˈfræn.tɪk/ US /ˈfræn.t̬ɪk/

A

суматошный, лихорадочный, нервозный, неистовый
frantic adjective (VERY WORRIED/FRIGHTENED)
C2
almost out of control because of extreme emotion, such as worry:
- Where on earth have you been? We’ve been frantic with worry.

frantic adjective (HURRIED)
C2
done or arranged in a hurry and a state of excitement or confusion:
- Share prices have soared to a new all-time high in a day of frantic trading on the stock market.
- Rescuers were engaged in a frantic all-night effort to reach the survivors before their supply of air ran out.

frantic | BUSINESS ENGLISH
urgent and involving a lot of activity:
- There have been frantic attempts by central banks to restore order on the exchanges.
- More than 240 million shares changed hands in frantic trading.
- frantic talks/negotiations

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