Lesson 5 Medical Technology/ Clinical Laboratory Science Education

Question 1

Curriculum comes from the LATIN word _____ which means ______

DEFINITION OF CURRICULUM
1

Answer 1

Currere
To run

Question 2

According to the _______________, curriculum refers to the knowledge and skills students are expected to learn, which include the LEARNING STANDARDS or LEARNING OBJECTIVES they are expected to meet

DEFINITION OF CURRICULUM
2

Answer 2

Glossary of Educational Reforms

Question 3

According to ____________, curriculum is the “continuous reconstruction, moving from the child’s present experience out into that represented by the organized bodies of truth that we call studies…the various studies…are themselves experience-they are that of the race.”

DEFINITION OF CURRICULUM
3

Answer 3

John Dewey

Question 4

According to ___________, curriculum refers to the planned interaction of students with instructional content, materials, resources, and processes for evaluating the attainment of educational objectives.

DEFINITION OF CURRICULUM
4

Answer 4

Indiana Department of Education

Question 5



Looking into these definitions (and others), curriculum:
a. is systematic and organized;
b. explicitly states outcomes (knowledge, skills) the learners/students have to achieve and learn through the use of planned instructional processes and other learning implements in a specific period;
C. consists of a planned process of measurement, assessment, and evaluation to gauge student learning; and
d. is designed for students.

DEFINITION OF CURRICULUM
5

Question 6

CHED means

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY CURRICULUM
6

Answer 6

Commission on Higher Education

Question 7

The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) was established on _____________ through the passage of Republic Act ?

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY CURRICULUM
7

Answer 7

May 18, 1994
Republic Act No. 7722, the Higher Education Act of 1992.

Question 8

_____ is the government agency under the Office of the President of the Philippines that covers institutions of higher education both public and private. It is tasked to organize and appoint members of the technical panel for each discipline/program area.

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY CURRICULUM
8

Answer 8

CHED

Question 9

Under CHED is the _____________(TCMTE) which is composed of leading academicians and practitioners responsible for assisting the Commission in setting standards among institutions offering Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science program and in monitoring and evaluating such institutions.

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY CURRICULUM
9

Answer 9

Technical Committee for Medical Technology Education

Question 10



The __________ program is considered one of the allied health programs (others, to name a few, are Nursing, Pharmacy, Physical Therapy, among others.).

The BSMT/BSMLS is a four-year program consisting of general education and professional courses that students are expected to complete within the first three years. The fourth year is dedicated to the students’ internship training in CHED-accredited training laboratories affiliated with their college/department.

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY CURRICULUM
10

Answer 10

BSMLS/BSMT

Question 11

The Commission issued ??? (Policies, Standards, and Guidelines for the Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology/ Medical Laboratory Science program) as a guide for institutions offering the program.

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY CURRICULUM
11

Answer 11

CHED Memorandum Order (CMO) No. 13, series of 2017

Question 12

The CMO contains the goals, program outcomes, performance indicators, and the minimum course offerings (general education core courses, and professional courses with allotted units) of the BSMT/BSMLS program. This new CMO is compliant with the K-12 Curriculum. Educational institutions offering the program are given certain leeway in enhancing the curriculum for their program.

The prescribed minimum number of units per course, and whether each course has a laboratory or lecture component, are also indicated in the new CMO. One unit of lecture is equivalent to one hour of class meeting every week. Thus, a 3-unit lecture course renders 3 hours of class meeting per week which is equivalent to 54 hours per semester (if one school year is divided into two semesters, with each semester equivalent to 18 weeks).

Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1 is an example of a 3-unit lecture without a laboratory component. One unit of laboratory is equivalent to 3 hours of class meeting every week. An example is Clinical Bacteriology which is a 5-unit course composed of 3 units of lecture and 2 units of laboratory. This is equivalent to 3 hours of lecture and 6 hours of laboratory work (total of 54 lecture hours and 108 laboratory hours per semester).

In the MT/MLS curriculum, the policy of taking prerequisites for some courses is followed. A student taking the BSMT/BSMLS program must be aware of the courses he or she needs to take in order to move on to more advanced courses in the curriculum. For example, before taking the course Immunology and Serology, one should have already completed the course Clinical Bacteriology.

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY CURRICULUM
12

Question 13



General Education (GE) course offerings cut across different programs. These courses aim to develop foundational knowledge, skills, values, and habits necessary for students to succeed in life, to positively contribute to society, to understand the diversity of cultures, to gain a bigger perspective and understanding of living with others, to respect differences in opinions, to realize and accept their weaknesses and improve on them, and to further hone their strengths. Thus, GE courses aim to develop humane individuals that have a deeper sense of self and acceptance of others. The general courses included in the new CMO are:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

General Education Courses
13

Answer 13

1. Understanding the Self
2. Readings in Philippine History
3. The Contemporary World
4. Mathematics in the Modern World
5. Purposive Communication
6. The Life and Works of Rizal
7. Science, Technology, and Society
8. Art Appreciation
9. Ethics

Question 14

____________ are taken for learners to develop the knowledge, technical competence, professional attitude, and values necessary to practice and meet the demands of the profession. Critical thinking skills, decision-making skills, interpersonal skills, collaboration, and teamwork are also developed.

Professional Courses
14

Answer 14

Professional courses

Question 15

Some of the professional courses are:

1.-19.

Answer 15

1. Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1: Introduction to Medical Laboratory Science, Laboratory Safety, and Waste Management
2. Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 2: Clinical Laboratory Assistance and Phlebotomy
3. Community and Public Health for MT/MLS
4. Cytogenetics
5. Human Histology
6. Histopathologic Techniques with Cytology
7. Clinical Bacteriology
8. Clinical Parasitology

Question 16

-This course deals with the basic concepts and principles related to the Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science profession. Its emphasis is on the curriculum, practice of the profession, clinical laboratories, continuing professional education, biosafety practices, and waste management.

Answer 16

1. Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1: Introduction to Medical Laboratory Science, Laboratory Safety, and Waste Management

Question 17

-Clinical Laboratory Assistance encompasses the concepts and principles of the different assays performed in the clinical laboratory. Phlebotomy deals with the basic concepts, principles, and application of the standard procedures in blood collection, transport, and processing. It also involves the study of pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytic variables that affect reliability of test results.

Answer 17

2. Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 2: Clinical Laboratory Assistance and Phlebotomy

Question 18

-This course involves the study of the foundations of community health that include human ecology, demography, and epidemiology. It emphasizes the promotion of community, public, and environmental health and the immersion and interaction of students with people in the community.

Answer 18

3. Community and Public Health for MT/MLS

Question 19

-This course is focused on the study of the concepts and principles of heredity and inheritance which include genetic phenomena, sex determination, and genetic defects rooted in inheritance, among others. It also discusses the abnormalities and genetic disorders involving the chromosomes and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Emphasis is given to the analysis of nucleic acids and their application to medical
science.

Answer 19

4. Cytogenetics

Question 20



This course deals with the study of the fundamentals of cells, tissues, and organs with emphasis on microscopic structures, characteristics, differences, and functions. The laboratory component of this course primarily deals with the microscopic identification and differentiation of cells that make up the systems of the body.

Answer 20

5. Human Histology

Question 21

This course covers the basic concepts and principles of disease processes, etiology, and the development of anatomic, microscopic changes brought about by the disease process. It deals with the histopathologic techniques necessary for the preparation of tissue samples collected via surgery, biopsy, and/or autopsy for macroscopic and microscopic examinations for diagnostic purposes.

Some of the tests that students perform for the laboratory component of the
course in a school-based laboratory are:
Tissue processing
Cutting of processed tissue
Staining
Mounting of stained tissue for microscopic examination
Performing biosafety and waste management

Answer 21

6. Histopathologic Techniques with Cytology

Question 22

This course deals with the study of the physiology and morphology of bacteria and their role in infection and immunity. Its emphasis is on the collection of specimen and the isolation and identification of bacteria. It also covers antimicrobial susceptibility testing and development of resistance to antimicrobial substances.
Some of the procedures and tests that students perform for the laboratory component of the course in a school-based laboratory are:

-Preparation of culture media
-Collection of specimen
-Preparation of bacterial smear
-Staining of smear
-Inoculation of specimen on culture media
-Characterization of colonies of bacteria growing in culture media
-Performing different biochemical tests for identification of bacteria
-Biosafety and waste management
-Quality assurance and quality control
-Antimicrobial susceptibility testing

Answer 22

7. Clinical Bacteriology

Question 23



This course is concerned with the study of animal parasites in humans and their medical significance in the country. Its emphasis is on the pathophysiology, epidemiology, life cycle, prevention and control, and the identification of ova and/or adult worms and other forms seen in specimens submitted for diagnostic purposes.

Some of the procedures and tests that students perform for the laboratory component of the course in a school-based laboratory are:

Microscopic identification of diagnostic features of different groups of parasites pathogenic to man (e.g., nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, protozoa, plasmodium, among others)
Different methods of preparing smear for microscopic examination (e.g., direct fecal smear, Kato-Katz, among others)

Answer 23

8. Clinical Parasitology

Question 25

This course tackles the concepts of inheritance, characterization, and laboratory identification of red cells antigens and their corresponding antibodies. It also covers the application of these antigens and/or antibodies in transfusion medicine and transfusion reactions work-up.

Some of the procedures and tests that students perform for the laboratory component of the course in a school-based laboratory are:

-ABO and Rh typing
-Coombs test (direct and indirect Coombs)
-Blood donation process
-Compatibility testing
-Transfusion reaction work-up
-Preparation of RBC suspension

Answer 25

9. Immunohematology and Blood Bank

Question 26

This course deals with the study of fungi and viruses as agents of diseases with emphasis on epidemiology, laboratory identification and characterization, and prevention and control.

Answer 26

10. Mycology and Virology

Question 27

This course looks into the concepts of laboratory management which are planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling as applied in clinical laboratory setting. It also tackles the process of solving problems, quality assurance and quality control, preparation of policy and procedure manuals, and other activities necessary to maintain a well-functioning laboratory.

Answer 27

11. Laboratory Management

Question 28



This course encompasses various laws, administrative orders, and other approved legal documents related to the practice of Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science in the Philippines.

Bioethics looks into the study of ethics as applied to health and health care delivery and to human life in general. Different bioethical principles, philosophical principles, virtues and norms, and the code of ethics of medical technology are also discussed.

Answer 28

12. Medical Technology Laws and Bioethics

Question 29

This course deals with the study of the concepts of blood as a tissue. Formation, metabolism of cells, laboratory assays, correlation with pathologic conditions, special
hematology evaluation are given emphasis. Quality assurance and quality control in hematology laboratory as well as bone marrow studies are also discussed.

Some of the procedures and tests that students perform for the laboratory
component of the course in a school-based laboratory are:

-Complete blood count (CBC)
-Hematocrit blood test
-Platelet count
-Preparation of blood smear and staining
-Red cell morphology
-Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
-Fragility test
-Erythrocyte indices
-Reticulocyte count
-Instrumentation
-Osmotic fragility test
-Quality assurance and quality control
-Biosafety and waste management

Answer 29

13. Hematology 1

Question 30

This course deals with the concepts and principles of hemostasis, and abnormalities involving red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets. Laboratory identification of blood cell abnormalities, quantitative measurement of coagulation factors, and disease correlation are emphasized.

Some of the procedures and tests that students perform for the laboratory component of the course in school-based laboratory are:

-Identification of abnormal RBC and WBC
-Special staining techniques
-Coagulation factor test (e.g., activated partial thromboplastin time [APTT), Prothrombin time [PT], Bleeding time [BT], Clotting time [CT], Clot
retraction time [CRT])
-Instrumentation

Answer 30

14. Hematology 2

Question 31

This course focuses on the study of urine and other body fluids (excluding blood). It includes the discussion of their formation, laboratory analyses, disease processes, and clinical correlation of laboratory results.

Some of the procedures and tests that students perform for the laboratory component of the course in a school-based laboratory are:

-Routine urinalysis (macroscopic, microscopic, chemical examinations)
-Special chemical examination of urine
-Examination of other body fluids (seminal fluid, gastric juice, cerebrospinal fluid)
-Pregnancy tests
-Chemical examination of stool specimens

Answer 31

15. Clinical Microscopy

Question 32

This course encompasses the concepts and principles of physiologically active soluble substances and waste materials present in body fluids, particularly in the blood. The study includes formation, laboratory analyses, reference values and clinical correlation with pathologic conditions. The course also looks into instrumentation and automation, quality assurance, and quality control.

Some of the procedures and tests that students perform for the laboratory component of the course in a school-based laboratory are:

-Instrumentation
-Quality assurance and quality control
-Glucose determination
-Lipid testing (triglyceride, lipoproteins)
-Renal function tests [blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood uric acid (BUA), creatinine]
-Protein testing (total proteins, albumin, globulin)
-Biosafety and waste management

Answer 32

16. Clinical Chemistry 1

Question 33

This course is a continuation of Clinical Chemistry 1 and deals with the concepts and principles of physiologically active soluble substances and waste materials present in body fluids, particularly in the blood. It also covers the study of endocrine glands and hormones and their formation, laboratory analyses, and clinical correlation.

Therapeutic drug monitoring and laboratory analyses of drugs and substances of abuse as well as toxic substances are also emphasized. Some of the procedures and tests that students perform for the laboratory
component of the course in a school-based laboratory are:

Bilirubin tests
Clinical enzymology (transferases, dehydrogenase, hydrolases)
Electrolyte testing
Hormone testing
Drug tests

Answer 33

17. Clinical Chemistry 2

Question 34

This course is taken during the student’s fourth year in the program together with the internship training. It deals with current laboratory analyses used in the practice
of medical technology.

Answer 34

18. Seminars 1 and 2

Question 35

Molecular Biology deals with the nucleic acid and protein molecule interaction within the cell to promote proper growth, cell division, and development. It covers the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication, repair, transcription, translation,
protein synthesis, and gene regulation.

This course is focused on the concepts, principles, and application of molecular biology in clinical laboratory. It also deals with the application of different molecular
techniques as tools in the diagnosis of diseases.

Answer 35

19. Molecular Biology and Diagnostics

Question 36

Research Courses
Research courses required in the BSMT/BSMLS program are

Research 1: ___________
Research 2: ___________

Research 1 deals with the basic concepts and principles of research as applied in Medical Technology/Clinical Laboratory Science. Ethical principles, as applied in research, are also emphasized.

Research 2, on the other hand, covers the methodology of the research (approved in Research 1), writing the research paper in the format prescribed by the institution and international research agencies for possible publication, and presentation of the finished and completed research in a formal forum.

Answer 36

Research 1: Introduction to Laboratory Science Research and
Research 2: Research Paper Writing and Presentation.

Question 37

_______ is taken during the students’ fourth year in the program. Only those who have completed and passed all the academic and institutional requirements for the first three years of the program, and other requirements as specified in the official documents of the institution, college and/or departments are qualified for internship. Before proceeding with the actual training, students are required to undergo physical and laboratory examinations which include, but not limited to, complete blood count (CBC), urinalysis, fecalysis, chest X-ray and/or sputum microscopy, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) screening, and drug testing (for methaemphetaminesand cannabinoids). Proof of vaccination for hepatitis B is also a requirement.

This intensive training aims to apply the theoretical aspects of the profession into practice. Students are assigned to CHED-accredited clinical laboratories affiliated with their academic institution on a 6-month or one-year rotation. This rotation ensures that all students experience to work in the different sections of a clinical laboratory, namely clinical chemistry, hematology, immunohematology (blood banking), clinical microscopy, parasitology, microbiology, immunology and serology, histopathology/cytology, and other emergent technologies.

The intern is required to render 32 hours of duty per week not exceeding a total of 1,664 hours in one year. This is broken down per section as follows (based on CMO 13 s. 2017):

Clinical Chemistry= 300
Clinical Microscopy and Parasitology= 200
Microbiology= 250
Hematology= 300
Blood Banking= 200
Histopathologic techniques and Cytology= 100
Immunology and Serology= 220
Laboratory Management (collection, handling, transport, and receiving of specimens, quality assurance, safety and waste management)= 40
Phlebotomy= 54

TOTAL
1,664 hours

The academic institution is required to conduct an orientation to prospective interns regarding the policies and guidelines on internship training as contained in the Internship Training Manual.

Answer 37

Clinical internship training

Question 38

The 1)_________________ is conducted in order to identify graduates who possess the basic qualifications or the minimum conceptual skills and technical competencies to perform the tasks with minimum errors.

The 2)___________ (PRC) is the government agency, under the Office of the President of the Philippines, tasked to administer licensure examinations to different professionals. Meanwhile, the 3)___________ (PRB) for Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science, under the PRC, is tasked to prepare and administer the written licensure examinations for graduates qualified to take the examination. PRB is composed of a !!!chairperson, who must be a duly licensed pathologist, and two members, who should be both registered medical technologists!!! All members of the PRB are required to be holders of PRC licenses. At present, the Medical Technologist Licensure Examination is given twice a year, on the months of 4)___________.

Listed below are some of the provisions included in Republic Act 5527, “The Medical
Technology Act of 1969,” in relation to the licensure examination:

1. The courses included in the licensure examination and their corresponding weights
   are as follows:
   20%
   5) ____________
   ____________
   ____________
   ____________
   10%
   6) ____________
   ______________
   (MTLaws and Bioethics and Laboratory Management - not written in R.A. 5527, but are now included in the board exam)
2. To pass the exam, an examinee must:
   -receive a general weighted average of 75%,
   -have no rating below 50% in any major courses, and
   -pass in at least 60% of the courses computed according to their relative weights.
3. If an examinee passed the examination and is 21 years old and above, he or she will be issued a certificate of registration and a PRC card as a licensed medical technologist. If an examinee is younger than 21 years old, he or she will register as a professional after his or her 21st birthday.
4. If an examinee failed to pass the licensure examination three times, he or she needs to enrol in a refresher course before retaking the examination.
5. If an examinee failed to pass the examination but garnered a general weighted average of 70%-74%, he or she may apply for certification as a medical laboratory
   technician.

Licensure Examination

Answer 38

1) Medical Technologist Licensure Examination

2) Professional Regulation Commission

3) Professional Regulatory Board

4) March and August

5) Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Parasitology, Hematology, Blood Banking and Immunology and Serology

6) Clinical Microscopy
Histopathologic Techniques

Question 39

Program Goals and Learning Outcomes

All 1)___________ (HEIS) offering any graduate and/or undergraduate degree programs must have a written document stating the program goals, vision and mission, objectives, and learning outcomes based on the institutions’ philosophy.
Learning outcomes are general statements that define what the learner has to achieve.

These learning outcomes serve as the foundation of curriculum development and teaching methodologies that shape a program. When learning outcomes are clearly stated, shared responsibilities and accountabilities for learning are developed in both students and teachers.

The learning outcomes of the Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology (BSMT)/ Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science (BSMLS) program state the knowledge, skills, values, and ethics that graduates of the program should demonstrate.

Demonstration perform the tasks of the profession enabling them to contribute to the welfare of the country of such outcomes will result in competent and skillful professionals who are ready to skillfully and to improve the quality of life of the people whom they serve.

Answer 39

1) higher educational institutions

Question 40

The program outcomes of the BSMT/BSMLS degree expect students to

1. demonstrate knowledge and technical skills needed to correctly perform laboratory testing and ensure reliability of test results
   -_______ is comprised of facts, information, and concepts acquired through experience and education. Knowledge is important in order to understand the task to be accomplished-be it technical and/or management of a section or a whole laboratory. A knowledgeable graduate must have the confidence and necessary competencies to contribute towards the resolution of the problem or conflict at hand.
   Technical skills relate to the psychomotor domain of learning. Medical technology/medical laboratory science practice is primarily concerned with the laboratory analyses of specimens carried out with utmost consideration for reliability of test results. A BSMT/BSMLS graduate should be able to perform the tests in each section of the laboratory, to control possible sources of errors or variability, and to understand the plausibility of test results. A graduate’s technical skill will be employed in specimen collection, transport, and processing, manual testing and automation of equipment, molecular biology techniques, as well as in biosafety and waste management practices.
2. be endowed with the professional attitude and values enabling them to work with their colleagues and other members of the health care delivery system
   -________ deals with the affective domain. Learning outcomes in this domain look into the feelings, emotions, tone of voice, attitude, and disposition of a BSMT/BSMLS graduate when confronted with favorable or unfavorable situations in the workplace. It also deals with his or her motivation to further improve himself or herself; how he or she reacts to criticism, rejection, and praise; and his or her enthusiasm and desire to contribute to the well-being of the stakeholders.
3. demonstrate critical thinking and problem solving skills when confronted with situations, problems, and conflicts in the practice of their profession
   -____________ is the ability of an individual to objectively and systematically analyze, without bias, facts and information to come up with reasonable decisions and to guide behavior. Problem solving involves the detailed analysis of the problem at hand by focusing on present facts and information before making a decision. Decision making entails one’s ability to gather and synthesize facts, information, 
   and opinions about the problem at hand. It also involves looking into alternatives or courses of action to be undertaken at the shortest time possible, even under extreme pressure. After a decision is made, there is a need to monitor the effect and impact of the decision on the department or the organization as a whole. Corrective actions
   should be instituted if the desired outcomes are not attained.
   These skills are necessary for one to function well in the workplace as solving problems and making decisions are constant.
4. actively participate in self-directed life-long learning activities to be updated
   with the current trends in the profession
   -The emergence and re-emergence of infectious agents, changes in demographics, technologies, state and local legislations on the BSMT/BSMLS practice, and clinical laboratory personnel taking more complex roles are some of the issues in the medical technology profession. MT/MLS practice involves a state of constant learning and re-learning to efficiently carry out the responsibilities and accountabilities of being a medical technology professional.
   Thus, there is a need to engage in self-directed learning to be updated with the constant changes in the medical technology practice. It is also ideal for one to take part in training programs, workshops, and even enroll in graduate programs related
   to the profession.
5. actively participate in research and community-oriented activities
   -____________ is the systematic and organized study of materials to come up with new conclusions or to establish facts. It involves experimentation, and gathering and analyzing data to solve a problem or reach a conclusion. Research involves identifying a problem or topic, using appropriate methods to gather data, analyzing, and interpreting data, and disseminating research results through publication and paper presentations.
   In community-oriented activities, a BSMT/BSMLS can be involved in planning, organizing, and leading institution- and/or hospital-based activities. The activities may include blood sugar testing, routine urinalysis, routine stool examination, and other basic laboratory tests with an end-in-view of improving quality of life of the target community.
6. be endowed with leadership skills
   -A leader sets the direction of a group for it to achieve its full potential while having a consolidated vision toward the attainment of goals and objectives.
7. demonstrate collaboration, teamwork, integrity, and respect when working in a multicultural environment
   -___________ are two important social skills necessary to work in a complex and, at times, multicultural environment like the clinical laboratory. Collaboration means working together with multiple individuals and finding a common ground to work toward achieving a set goal. Likewise, working with others in a team means working with people you disagree with but coming to terms with such disagreements by sharing a common goal. It requires listening closely and paying attention to what others contribute to the team.

Answer 40

Knowledge
Attitude
Critical thinking
Research
Collaboration and teamwork

Question 41

________ is inherent in a learning activity. It involves a planned, systematic, and organized way of testing, measuring, collecting, and obtaining necessary information to gain feedback on students’ progress against set standards per course and on the effectivity of the teaching methodology. Thus, feedback comes from both teachers and students.

Functions of Assessment Techniques
Assessment plays a significant role in ensuring that students are on the right track toward attaining their goals, as well as gauging their strengths and weaknesses. The importance of assessment for both teachers and students can be seen in the following purposes:
1. It provides feedback on the progress of students toward the achievement of learning
outcomes.
2. It identifies the flaws in the psychomotor skills and deficiencies in the theoretical knowledge and conceptual skills of the student.
3. It serves as a diagnostic tool to determine the capabilities of a student so that the teacher can prepare additional exercises and activities to address his or her needs during the assessment.
4. It serves as a motivation to further improve a student’s skill set in a particular area. 5. It provides information on students’ response to a particular learning strategy which serves as a basis for retaining or changing a strategy.
6. It provides information to the teacher if there is need to improve teaching and learning strategies.
7. It determines the demonstrable changes in the attitude and behavior of students. 8. It determines whether learning has taken place.

Answer 41

Assessment

Question 42

Types of Assessment
Various assessment techniques are used in the classroom. No single technique is considered the best in assessing learning. Therefore, it is important that both teachers and students have an understanding of the different types of assessments. Below are some of the
different types:
1. ______
“Formative assessment,” as defined by W. James Popham (2008), “is a planned process in which assessment-elicited evidence of students’ status is used by teachers to adjust their ongoing instructional procedures or by students to adjust their current
learning tactics.”
This is an assessment for learning. This is done during and/or within the instructional process of a course. Formative assessments determine whether a student is achieving the outcomes of the topic being discussed. This is also used by the teacher to gain feedback for the improvement of his or her instruction. Examples of formative assessment tools include quizzes, short-answer questions, reflection
papers, and the like.
2. _______
This is the assessment of learning. This is done at the end of instruction, grading period (prelim, mid-terms, finals), or comprehensive examination. Information gathered from this type of assessment can be used to know how well each student learned the tasks or how well the student attained the learning outcomes. Examples of summative assessment tools include end-of-unit and end-of-term exams, research/ term papers, and final projects.
3. __________
This type of assessment is given prior to instruction. This is used to gauge what students already know and do not know about the topic at hand.

Answer 42

1. Formative assessment
2. Summative assessment
3. Diagnostic assessment

Question 43

Assessment Tools
In choosing a valid and reliable assessment tool, a teacher must ensure the synchronization of the expected learning outcomes with the content and appropriateness of the assessment tools. If the learning outcome measures higher-order thinking skills (HOTS), a matching type examination is not appropriate. Similarly, if lower-order thinking skills (LOTS) like memorization is needed, essay questions are inappropriate. There is no single assessment tool that is suited to measure both LOTS and HOTS, so teachers must be knowledgeable in gauging the appropriateness of an assessment tool.

The following are some example assessment tools:
1. Teacher-made written tests
-Written tests are very popular and widely used assessment tools. Written tests include quizzes, long exams, term exams, and comprehensive exams. Reliability and validity of these assessment tools must take precedence to meet the learning
outcomes.
2. Reflection papers
-Writing a reflection paper requires excellent writing skills, that is, the ability to put ideas, facts, and opinions in writing in an organized, direct, and understandable manner. Reflective thinking requires analytic and critical thinking skills. In science- based programs, writing reflection papers involves tackling the connection and relationship between theory and practice.
3. Portfolios
-A portfolio is a tool for assessing students’ mastery of skills through a collection of outputs that show their progress at the end of the course program.
4. Performance tasks
-In BSMT/BSMLS, performance tasks are usually given in the laboratory component of a course. This assessment tool measures the attainment of psychomotor skills necessary for the correct performance of practical procedures in the laboratory. Some examples of performance tasks are practical exams, return demonstrations, move system, and objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). 5. Oral examinations and presentations
-Oral examinations and presentations are assessment tools that gauge competency through oral communication skills. In oral exams and presentations, students usually discuss a certain topic to an audience. This requires a lot of preparation on the part of the students. The quality of an oral presentation is affected by body language, tone and quality of voice, confidence, and preparedness. Visual aids can also be helpful in oral presentations as long as they are appropriate and well thought out.
6. Rubrics
-A rubric is an assessment tool that evaluates the work of students based on a particular criteria. It clearly communicates the standards for a particular academic task for the characteristics of each criterion is clearly written. It is a better version of a checklist rating scale. It guides the students in taking note of teacher’s expectations. Rubrics provide feedback to the learners regarding their own strengths and weaknesses. They are a versatile assessment tool for they can be used for grading oral presentations, case analyses, essays, portfolios, performance tasks, and can be used for self and peer evaluation.

Question 44

Give the 6 assessment tools

Answer 44

1. Teacher-made written tests
2. Reflection Papers
3. Portfolios
4. Performance Tasks
5. Oral examinations and presentations
6. Rubrics

Question 45



Job Opportunities for the Graduate of the Program
A BSMT/BSMLS graduate can practice as a/an
1. Medical technologist/clinical laboratory scientist in a hospital-based or non-hospital- based clinical laboratory
2. Histotechnologist in an anatomical laboratory
3. Researcher/research scientist
4. Member of the academe (faculty, clinical instructor, clinical coordinator, dean/ department chair, academic coordinator)
5. Perfusionist
6. Molecular scientist
7. Diagnostic product specialist
8. Public health practitioner
9. Health care leader

A graduate may also practice in the following fields
1. Molecular Biology
2. Public Health and Epidemiology
3. Veterinary Laboratory Science
4. Food and Industrial Microbiology
5. Veterinary Science
6. Forensic Science
7. Nuclear Medicine/Science
8. Health Facility Administration and Management
9. Quality Management

Question 46

KEY POINTS
*The Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science is a four- year program consisting of three years of school-based courses and one year of internship training in accredited training laboratories.

*The courses are grouped into general education courses, professional courses, and
research courses.

*The courses may have a lecture component only or both lecture and laboratory
components.

*A BSMT/BSMLS graduate must demonstrate the learning outcomes of the program.

*The Medical Technologist Licensure Examination is a requirement in order to practice the profession. It is given by the Professional Regulatory Board (PRB) for Medical Technology under the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) every March and August/September of each year.

*In the licensure examination, major courses (i.e., Clinical Chemistry, Hematology, and Serology) are given a weight of 20% each. Minor courses (i.e., Clinical Microscopy and Histopathologic Techniques) are given a weight of 10% each in the computation of the general weighted average.

*An examinee should garner a general weighted average of 75% to pass the exam and shall be given the professional title of Registered Medical Technologist (RMT).

*Assessment is an integral part of teaching-learning activities. Various assessment tools are available to gauge student learning.

*There are many employment opportunities for a graduate of the program after graduation. Some employers require a license while others do not.

*A learner is responsible for his or her own learning. He or she should be aware of the learning outcomes of the course and the program to be able to track his or her progress. Teachers set the direction for learning to take place and help students achieve the set learning outcomes.

Question 47

_____________course offerings cut across different programs. These courses aim to develop foundational knowledge, skills, values, and habits necessary for students to succeed in life, to positively contribute to society, to understand the diversity of cultures, to gain a bigger perspective and understanding of living with others, to respect differences in opinions, to realize and accept their weaknesses and improve on them, and to further hone their strengths.

Answer 47

General Education (GE)