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Anatomy & Physiology 208 > Leukocytes, Platelets, and Hemostasis Study Guide > Flashcards

Leukocytes, Platelets, and Hemostasis Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

amount of leukocytes in a microliter (ul) of blood

A

4,800 to 10,800 (less than erythrocytes)

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2
Q

diapedesis

A

how leukocytes cross blood vessel walls to travel to areas of need

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3
Q

Positive Chemotaxis

A

phenomenon in which damaged/infected cells provide a chemical trail for leukocytes to follow

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4
Q

Leukocytosis

A

elevated number of leukocytes (> 11,000/µl)

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5
Q

Leukopenia

A

decreased number of leukocytes

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6
Q

5 types of leukocytes in order of abundance

A

Neutrophils (Most Abundant)
Lymphocytes.
Monocytes.
Eosinophils.
Basophils (Least Abundant)

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7
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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8
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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9
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • Account for 25% of all leukocytes
  • Often classified by diameter – small, medium, and large
  • Largely live in lymphoid tissues – lymph nodes and spleen – versus the bloodstream
  • T Lymphocytes (T-Cells): directly fight against virus-infected and tumor cells
  • B Lymphocytes (B-Cells): give rise to antibody-producing plasma cells
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10
Q

Monocytes

A
  • Account of 3-8% of all leukocytes
  • Are the largest of all leukocytes
  • Differentiate into highly mobile macrophages with enormous appetites
  • Able to activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response
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11
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • The most numerous type of leukocyte (50-70% of all leukocytes)
  • Function as “bacteria-slayers” - very active phagocytes
  • Are chemically attracted to inflammation
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12
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • Account for 2-4% of all leukocytes
  • Lead the counter-attack against parasitic worms and other things too large to be phagocytized
  • Play a role in responding to allergens and modulating the overall immune system response
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13
Q

Basophils

A
  • Rarest leukocytes (0.5-1%)
  • Granules contain Histamine – an inflammatory chemical that vasodilates vessels and attracts other leukocytes - and Heparin - an anticoagulant that assists the mobility of other leukocytes
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14
Q

What stimulates the creation of leukocytes?

A

Chemical messengers called interleukins or colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

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15
Q

blood cells that differentiate from the myeloid line

A

monocytes (following monoblast and promonocyte)

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16
Q

blood cells that differentiate from the lymphoid line

A

Lymphocytes
- T Lymphocyte Precursors give rise to immature T-Cells which mature in the thymus
- B Lymphocyte Precursors give rise to immature B-Cells which mature in the bone marrow

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17
Q

leukemia

A

verproduction of abnormal leukocyteso

18
Q

leukemia cause

A
  • Typically, excessive leukocytes are descendants of a single cell undergoing un-regulated proliferation
  • Excessive leukocytes impair normal function of red bone marrow
19
Q

leukemia symptoms

A

severe anemia, bleeding, fever, weight loss, and bone pain

20
Q

general premise of chemotherapy

A

Kills both normal and abnormal leukocytes → can help cancer, but also cause undesirable side effects

21
Q

3 steps of hemostasis

A

Vascular Spasm
Platelet Plug Formation
Coagulation

22
Q

platelet typical lifespan

A

They age quickly and degenerate within 10 days

22
Q

Where do platelets come from

A

Fragments of very large cells called megakaryoctyes:
- A hormone called thrombopoietin regulates the formation of platelets
- A megakaryocyte undergoes repeated mitosis without cytokinesis yielding a very large cell
- Cytoplasmic extensions of the megakaryocyte rupture and release platelets into the bloodstream

23
Q

platelet function

A

stopping blood loss / promoting blood clots

24
Q

What happens after blood successfully clots (hemostasis)?

A

the blood clot will retract and dissolve. The clot is replaced with fibrous tissue, which more permanently prevents blood loss

25
Q

two things that have anti-coagulant properties

A

Prostacyclin and nitric oxide have anticoagulant properties (prostaglandins that keeps platelets from sticking to each other or to the endothelial layer of vessel walls)

26
Q

natural anticoagulant found in endothelial cells

A

Heparin

27
Q

two aggregating agents

A

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP): a potent aggregating agent and Serotonin and thromboxane A: messengers that enhance both vascular spasm and platelet aggregation

28
Q

What works to stabilize a forming platelet plug (bound platelets)?

A

Von willebrand factor

29
Q

What works to reinforce a formed platelet plug?

A

fibrin threads

30
Q

mineral is essential to the formation of a blood clot

A

calcium

31
Q

Phase I of III of coagulation

A
  • Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Pathway; either triggered by tissue damaging events
  • Both involve a series of clotting factors and end with the activation of Factor X
  • Factor X complexes with Ca2+, Platelet Factor 3, and Factor V to make Prothrombin Activator
31
Q

Phase II of III of coagulation

A

Prothrombin activator catalyzes the transformation of prothrombin to the active enzyme thrombin

31
Q

Phase III of III of coagulation

A
  • Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen to fibrin
  • Fibrin strands form the structural basis of a blood clot and cause plasma to become a gel-like trap catching formed elements
31
Q

two growth factors are involved in blood vessel repair

A
  • Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to form a connective tissue patch
  • Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates endothelial cells to multiply and restore the endothelial lining
31
Q

enzyme that works to dissolve clots

A

Plasmin: the natural “clot-buster” – a fibrin digesting enzyme. The presence of a clot, triggers endothelial cells to secrete tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).

31
Q

How is this plasmin/tpa used medically?

A

tPA can be given through IV to stroke patients to restore blood flow by activating plasmin

31
Q

Thrombus

A
  • a clot that forms in an unbroken vessel
  • A thrombus can cause death of the tissue beyond the blockage
  • Example: Myocardial Infarction
31
Q

Embolus

A
  • a clot that breaks away from the vessel wall and floats in the bloodstream
  • An embolus wedged in a small vessel = an obstructing embolism
  • Example: Pulmonary Emboli or Cerebrovascular Accident
31
Q

two things that increase risk of blood clots

A

vessel arthrosclerosis or inflammation, slow blood flow (reduced mobility)

32
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

low volume of circulating platelets
- Severe cases cause to spontaneous bleeds with routine movement
- Symptom: petechiae
- Cause: suppression or destruction of red bone marrow
- Treatment: platelet transfusion

32
Q

Hemophilia

A

a group of hereditary bleeding disorders; deficiencies of various clotting factors
- 2:3 types of hemophilia are X-linked - occur predominantly in males
- Symptoms: prolonged bleeding with minor tissue injury, repeated bleeds into joint spaces
- Treatment: fresh plasma transfusions; injections of clotting factors

Anatomy & Physiology 208 (35 decks)

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