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BIO 110 - Anatomy & Physiology > LO 16 > Flashcards

LO 16 Flashcards

1
Q

List the respiratory organs

A
  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
  6. Lungs
  7. Alveoli
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2
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Air distributor
  2. Gas exchanger
  3. Homeostatic mechanism
  4. Filters, warms, and humidifies air for breathing
  5. Speech and sound production
  6. Olfaction
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3
Q

What are the organs of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx

Think head cold

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4
Q

What are the organs of the lower respiratory tract?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchial tree
  3. Lungs

Think chest cold

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5
Q

Describe respiratory mucosa

A
  1. Specialized membrane that lines the air distribution tubes of the respiratory system
  2. Covered with mucus—“mucus blanket”
  3. More than 125 ml of mucus produced each day
  4. Air purification/filtration – traps inspired irritants
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6
Q

Describe cilia

A
  1. On mucosal cells
  2. ‘beat’ in one direction to ‘propel’ mucus and trapped irritants toward the pharynx for expulsion
  3. Note: cigarette smoke ‘paralyses’ cilia
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7
Q

Describe the structures of the nose

A
  1. Nostrils (external nares) = entrance for air
  2. Nasal septum separates interior into R & L cavities lined with respiratory mucosa
  3. Paranasal sinuses (frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoidal) and lacrimal sacs drain into nose
  4. Conchae (superior, middle, inferior) are ‘fold-like’ structures that increase surface area in nasal cavity
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8
Q

Describe the function of the nose

A
  1. Warms and moistens inhaled air as it flows over the conchae
  2. Contains sense organs of smell (olfactory receptors) in the nasal mucosa
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9
Q

Describe the structure of the pharynx

A
  1. 12.5 cm (5 inches) long
  2. Three segments - Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
  3. Two sinuses, mouth, esophagus, larynx, and auditory (eustachian) tubes all have openings into pharynx
  4. Pharyngeal tonsils in nasopharynx; palantine tonsils in oropharynx
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10
Q

Describe the eustachian/auditory tubes of the pharynx

A
  1. Open into/connect middle ears with nasopharynx, allowing equalization of air pressure between the middle and exterior ear
  2. Lining of tubes is continuous with that of the nasopharynx and middle ear, so a sinus infection can develop from a cold where the nasal mucosa is inflamed and an ear infection can develop from inflammation of the nasal pharynx
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11
Q

Describe the functions of the pharynx

A
  1. The pharynx has both digestive & respiratory system functions:
  2. Passageway for food & liquids to the esophagus
  3. Passageway for air to the respiratory tree
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12
Q

Describe the structure of the larynx

A
  1. Just below pharynx
  2. Framework = several pieces of cartilage
  3. Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) is largest
  4. Epiglottis partially covers opening into larynx – closes off the larynx when we swallow to prevent food from entering trachea
  5. Mucous lining
  6. Vocal cords consist of 2 fibrous bands that stretch across the interior of the larynx (looks like a vagina)
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13
Q

Describe the function of the larynx

A
  1. Air distribution; passageway for air to move to and from lungs
  2. Voice production via muscles attached to the larynx cartilage that pull on the vocal cords
  3. when cords are tense 🡪 high-pitched sound
  4. when cords are relaxed 🡪 low-pitched sound)
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14
Q

Describe the structure of the trachea

A
  1. ‘windpipe’
  2. 11 cm (4.5 inches) long tube
  3. from larynx to bronchi
  4. held open by C-shaped rings of cartilage
  5. mucous lining
  6. ciliated epithelium
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15
Q

Describe the Bronchi, Bronchioles & Alveoli Structure

A
  1. Trachea branches into right & left bronchi (primary bronchi) which lead into right and left lungs
  2. In lung, each primary bronchi branches into increasingly smaller secondary bronchi which eventually lead to bronchioles
  3. Walls of bronchioles = smooth muscle (no rings of cartilage)
  4. Bronchioles divide into microscopic tubes called alveolar ducts (look like the stem of a bunch of grapes)
  5. Alveolar ducts end in clusters of microscopic alveolar sacs (look like clusters of grapes)
  6. Walls of alveolar sacs are made of alveoli - Millions of alveoli per lung
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15
Q

Describe the function of the trachea

A
  1. Passageway for air to move to and from lungs
  2. Ciliated mucosal lining traps airborne irritants
  3. Complete occlusion of the airway causes death in minutes
  4. 4000+ deaths annually in the United States due to tracheal obstruction
  5. Heimlich maneuver is a lifesaving technique used in cases of tracheal obstruction
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15
Q

What is the function of bronchi and bronchioles?

A

Passage way for air to move to & from alveoli

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16
Q

What is the function of alveoli?

A
  1. Site of exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood in lung capillaries and air in alveoli
  2. Thin-walled – single layer of cells
  3. Direct contact with blood capillary
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17
Q

Describe the alveoli and respiratory membrane

A
  1. thin membrane that lies between the blood in the capillaries and the air in each alveolus
  2. covered with surfactant – a substance that reduces surface tension to prevent collapse of alveoli as air moves in & out
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18
Q

Describe the structure of the lungs

A
  1. Fill chest cavity (except mediastinum)
  2. Right lung: Three lobes
  3. Left lung: Two lobes
  4. Apex: Narrow upper part of each lung, under collarbone
  5. Base - Broad lower part of each lung; Rests on diaphragm
19
Q

Describe the Pleaura

A
  1. Moist, smooth, slippery membrane that lines chest cavity and covers outer surface of lungs
  2. Parietal: Lines walls of thoracic cavity
  3. Visceral: Covers lungs
  4. Intrapleural space: Lies between parietal and visceral
20
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

Inflammation of the pleura

21
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A
  1. lung collapse
  2. due to the presence of air in the intrapleural space on one side of the chest
  3. the air increases the pressure on that side of the lung, causing it to collapse
22
Q

What is the function of the lungs?

A

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

23
Q

What is the function of the pleura?

A

Reduces friction between the lungs and chest wall during breathing

24
Q

Describe external respiration

A
  1. air moving in and out of the lungs
  2. exchange of O2 andCO2 between the air in the lungs and in the blood
25
Q

Describe internal respiration

A
  1. exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body
26
Q

Describe cellular respiration

A
  1. use of oxygen by cells in the process of metabolism (occurs in mitochrondria)
27
Q

Describe the mechanics of breathing

A
  1. Breathing = pulmonary ventilation
  2. The process that moves air into and out of the lungs
  3. 2 phases - Inspiration: movement of air into lungs; Expiration: movement of air out of lungs
  4. Changes in size and shape of thorax (caused by respiratory muscles e.g. diaphragm) cause changes in air pressure within the thoracic cavity and the lungs
  5. Air pressure differences cause air to move into and out of the lungs
28
Q

What muscles are involved in respiration?

A
  1. Diaphram
  2. Internal intercostals
  3. External intercostals
29
Q

Describe the process of inspiration

A
  1. Active process/air moves into lungs
  2. Chest cavity enlarges, lungs expand, air rushes in
  3. Diaphram contracts and flattens, increases height of chest cavity
  4. External intercostals contraction ‘lifts’ ribs, increases depth and width of chest cavity
  5. The increased size of chest cavity reduces pressure within it and the lungs, and air enters the lungs
30
Q

Describe expiration

A
  1. Normal/quiet expiration (passive process)
  2. inspiratory muscles relax 🡪chest cavity returns to its resting size & shape
  3. Elastic recoil of lung tissues aids in expiration
  4. Expiratory muscles used in forceful expiration are internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
  5. Internal intercostals—contraction depresses the rib cage 🡪 decreases ‘depth’ of chest cavity
  6. Abdominal muscles contraction 🡪 abdominal organs push up against diaphragm 🡪 decreases ‘height’ of chest cavity
  7. Reduction in the size of chest cavity increasing its pressure and air leaves the lungs
31
Q

Describe exchange of gasses in the lungs

A
  1. Occurs via passive diffusion due to the pressure gradient of O2 & CO2 between blood and lung capillaries surrounding alveoli
  2. O2 will follow its concentration gradient from an area of high to an area of low concentration
  3. CO2 will diffuse in the opposite direction
  4. O2 moves from alveoli into lung capillaries
  5. Hemoglobin combines with O2 - oxyhemoglobin
  6. Carbaminohemoglobin breaks down into CO2 + hemoglobin
  7. CO2 moves out of lung capillary blood into alveolar air and out of body in expired air
32
Q

Describe the exchange of gasses in tissues

A
  1. Occurs due to the pressure gradient of O2 & CO2 between the tissue capillaries and the tissue cells
  2. Exchange of gases between blood in tissue capillaries and the body cells = internal respiration
  3. Oxyhemoglobin breaks down into O2 and hemoglobin
  4. O2 moves out of tissue capillary blood to Interstitial Fluid to tissue cells
  5. CO2 moves from tissue cells to Interstitial Fluid to tissue capillary blood
  6. Hemoglobin combines with CO2🡪 carbamino-hemoglobin
33
Q

Describe blood transportation of gasses

A
  1. O2 & CO2 are transported in the blood either in a dissolved state or combined with other chemicals
  2. Dissolved O2 & CO2 rapidly form a chemical union with some other molecule (e.g. hemoglobin) because fluids (such as blood) can only hold small amounts of gas in solution
  3. Once O2 & CO2 are bound to another molecule, their plasma concentration (partial pressure – PO2 or PCO2) decreases and more gas can diffuse into the plasma allowing comparatively large volumes of these gases to be transported
34
Q

Describe transport of oxygen

A
  1. The majority of O2 transported by blood is in the form of oxyhemoglobin (O2 + hemoglobin). Only 1.5% as dissolved O2
  2. Hemoglobin molecules = large proteins containing 4 iron-containing heme components, each capable of combining with an O2 molecule
  3. Hemoglobin combines with O2 very rapidly. 97% of hemoglobin is combined with O2 . (this is the oxygenated blood/’red’ blood in systemic arteries and pulmonary veins)
  4. ‘deoxygenated’ blood is about 75% saturated with oxygen and is found in the systemic veins and pulmonary arteries
  5. the difference in O2 saturation results in the release of O2 from oxyhemoglobin to supply the body cells with O2 (the chemical ‘bond’ between O2 and hemoglobin is reversible)
35
Q

Describe transport of carbon dioxide

A
  1. by-product of cellular metabolism
  2. contributes to the pH of body fluids
  3. excesses can be toxic and are eliminated from the body (enters alveoli and is expelled during expiration)
  4. In order to expel CO2 via expiration it must be transported in
    the blood to the lungs as either
    1. Dissolved CO2 - 10% of total CO2 transported in blood; Produces PCO2 of blood plasma
    2. Carbaminohemoglobin - CO2 + hemoglobin + other plasma proteins; 20% of total CO2 transported in blood; formation is accelerated by an increase in PCO2 and slowed down by a decrease in PCO2
    3. Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) - 70% of total CO2 transported in blood
36
Q

Define tidal volume (TV)

A

amount normally breathed in or out with each breath

37
Q

Define vital capacity (VC)

A

largest amount of air that can be breathed out in one respiration/pulmonary ventilation

38
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal expiration (e.g. after expiring the tidal volume)

39
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration (e.g. after inspiring the tidal volume)

40
Q

Define residual volume (RV)

A

air left in lungs after the most forceful expiration

41
Q

Describe regulation of respiration

A
  1. Permits the body to adjust to varying demands for oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal
  2. Respiratory control centers simulate muscles of respiratory system with nervous impulses
  3. Located in medulla & pons
  4. Most important ones in medulla - Inspiratory center/Expiratory center
  5. Normal rate/resting = 12 – 18/minute
  6. Medulla’s respiratory control centres influenced by Cerebral cortex (voluntary but limited) - Individual can change respiration characteristics voluntarily (singing, swimming, blowing balloon, etc.)
  7. Medulla’s respiratory control centres influenced by receptors
    1. Chemoreceptors (involuntary) - Located in carotid and aortic bodies (respond to changes in O2, CO2 and pH blood levels)
    2. Pulmonary stretch receptors - Located throughout the pulmonary airways (including alveoli); Prevent lungs from overinflating
42
Q

Define eupnea

A

normal breathing

43
Q

Define Hyperventilation

A

rapid and deep respirations

44
Q

Define Hypoventilation

A

slow and shallow respirations

45
Q

Define Dyspnea

A

labored or difficult respirations

46
Q

Define Apnea

A

stopped respirations

47
Q

Define Respiratory arrest

A

failure to resume breathing after a period of apnea

BIO 110 - Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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