Logical Reasoning

Question 1

for identify the conclusion

Answer 1

have a specific prediction

Question 2

for identify an entailment

Answer 2

• the answer will follow the passage
• wrong answers will conflict with the passage or won’t necessarily be true
• just look for the structure
• can you prove the answer using solely the passage (if you have to make assumptions, then it is wrong)
• make sure it is within the scope of the passage

Question 3

for strongly supported inferences

Answer 3

• the answer needs to be SUPPORTED not proven
• are not trying to find the conclusion of the passage
• assume the statements are true
• find relationship between answers and the passage
• DON’T form a prediction
• evaluate each option against the passage
• make sure the structure of the answer matches with the structure of the passage

Question 4

for disputes

Answer 4

• answer will be the only one where we can infer a disagreement
• don’t make a strong prediction
• evaluate each choice one at a time
• if a person has no opinion about something in an option, then it is wrong

Question 5

for identify the technique

Answer 5

• don’t focus on the details, look at the evidence and conclusion
• evaluate the structure, and specific terminology
• find the main point

Question 6

for identify the role

Answer 6

• describe what a specific sentence or phrase is doing
• highlight that sentence
• find the structure
• evaluate the structure of the whole passage

Question 7

for identify the principle

Answer 7

• principle: general rule, generalization that governs the situation
• think big picture
• overarching themes
• what are the values in the passage

Question 8

for match the structure

Answer 8

• aka parallel reasoning
• presented with one argument in the passage
• then presented with options that have the same structure, same conclusion, just different context
• break it into conclusion and support
• helps to use algebraic variables
• options can be in a different order, but has to have the same structure

Question 9

for match principles

Answer 9

• identify the principle in the passage (ensure it does not include specific details from the passage)
• use this principle to match with the options

Question 10

for identify a flaw

Answer 10

• we know this argument is flawed
• look for the gap between the evidence and the conclusion
• create a prediction and see which answer matches or mirrors it

Question 11

for match flaws

Answer 11

• match a flaw to a structurally identical flawed argument
• look at the passage and identify the flaw (often the gap between the evidence and the conclusion)
• use this to create a prediction or diagram
• look for structurally similar flawed arguments (same certainty etc)

Question 12

for necessary assumptions

Answer 12

• claim has to be true
• understand the MP and the evidence
• try to flip the possible answers into negatives
• if the negative version of the answer, destroys the argument, then it is necessary

Question 13

for sufficient assumptions

Answer 13

• assumption that guarantees the conclusion as sufficient
• find the MP and evidence and the gap in between them is the assumption
• then match that assumption with the answer

Question 14

for strengthen

Answer 14

• what is going to help the argument, give it more support
• wrong choices will do nothing or weaken
• find the conclusion and the support, and see if the options helps
• go through options one by one and find the one
• no specific prediction, because there could be endless possibilities

Question 15

for weaken

Answer 15

• answers that undermine the main point of passage
• opposite of strengthen
• find the conclusion and supports and see if the options attack it
• go through options one by one and find the answer
• no specific prediction

Question 16

for helpful to know

Answer 16

• similar to strengthen and weaken
• wrong choices will have no impact on the argument
• turn possible answers into questions to see if it weakens of strengthens

Question 17

for explain

Answer 17

• describes a situation that doesn’t make sense
• evaluate answers one by one
• pick the answer that explains the gap between the evidence and the conclusion

Question 18

for resolve a conflict

Answer 18

• it solves a discrepancy
• look for a contrast keyword, like “however”
• no predictions
• understand the discrepancy
• turn it into a question, see if the answers resolve the question
• check the question stem, because they could put except

Question 19

what are some conclusion (MP) indicators

Answer 19

conclude, therefore, hence, thus, consequently, it follows that, it can be concluded that, we may infer, for this reason, accordingly, as a result, so

Question 20

what are some premise key words

Answer 20

since, because, given that, for, for the reason that, in that, as indicated by, may be inferred from, as

Question 21

must be true eq

Answer 21

cannot be false

Question 22

not necessarily true eq

Answer 22

could be false

Question 23

could be true eq

Answer 23

not necessarily false

Question 24

cannot be true eq

Answer 24

must be false

Question 25

must be true opp

Answer 25

not necessarily true

Question 26

cannot be false opp

Answer 26

could be false

Question 27

could be true opp

Answer 27

cannot be true

Question 28

not necessarily false opp

Answer 28

must be false