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ANA > Lymphatic System II > Flashcards

Lymphatic System II Flashcards

1
Q
  • Starts when a pathogen penetrates the surface of the body as it enters.
  • Limit the spread of pathogens through the body by taking an approach for pathogen elimination.
  • Fast acting and nonspecific.
  • Provide crude protection against any and all pathogens that enter the body.
  • Second line of defense.
A

Immune System

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2
Q

Five lines of innate internal defense.

A
  1. Phagocytic Cells
  2. Natural Killer Cells
  3. Antimicrobial Proteins
  4. Inflammation
  5. Fever
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3
Q

Primarily neutrophils and macrophages.

A

Phagocytic Cells

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4
Q
  • Kill body cells that have turned crater: either become virus-infected or cancerous.
  • Contains granules in cytoplasm.
  • AKA “Large granular lymphocytes.”
  • Unusual as these are types of lymphocytes but involved in innate immunity.
  • Make up 10% to 15% of lymphocytes circulating in the blood.
  • Attack transplanted tissues.
  • Plays the role of the rejection of transplanted organs.
A

Natural Killer Cells

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5
Q

Natural killer cells as similar to T Cells: Kill the body’s own cells under two circumstances.

A
  • Cells have been invaded by intracellular pathogens.
  • Cells have become cancerous.
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6
Q

Natural killer cells as similar to macrophages: They become more effective in killing if there is.

A
  • An activation by the cytokines from certain T cells.
  • Coating of cells with antibody making them a better target for phagocytes.
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7
Q

Recognizes abnormal cells by looking into different characteristics.

A

Immune Surveillance

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8
Q
  • Does not involve cells.
  • Complement and interferons.
A

Antimicrobial Proteins

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9
Q
  • Members of a larger group of cytokines that modulate the immune system.
  • Interfere with viral replication.
  • Modulate inflammation.
  • Activate immune cells.
  • Binds to plasma membrane receptors on nearby cells as warning signals for the virus penetration.
A

Interferons

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10
Q
  • Viruses must enter cells to ____.
  • Penetrates the target’s membrane then releases ____ to make more copies of the virus.
  • The presence of the virus inside the cell causes the ____.
A
  • Replicate
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Secretion of Interferons
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11
Q

Uninfected cells produce proteins that inhibit viral replication by.

A
  • Degrading viral RNA
  • Preventing the synthesis of viral proteins
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12
Q

Three types that are distinct proteins but have common and unique functions.

A
  • Alpha Interferon
  • Beta Interferon
  • Gamma Interferon
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13
Q

Act in a variety of ways to signal other immune and non-immune cells.

A

Gamma Interferon

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14
Q
  • Complements or enhances other components of both innate and adaptive defenses.
  • Complex cascade of interdependent plasma proteins.
A

Complement System

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15
Q

As a protein is activated, it becomes an enzyme to activate the next proteins until the final product is formed. These proteins can:

A
  • Mark cells for phagocytosis.
  • Promote inflammation.
  • Kill some bacteria all by themselves.
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16
Q

When innate defenses are overwhelmed with pathogen invasion, it sends chemical messages along the ____.

A

Adaptive Immune System

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17
Q
  • Ingest pathogens.
  • Use special membrane receptors to recognize pathogens.
A

Phagocytes

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18
Q

When phagocytes recognize a pathogen, two events are triggered:
* Ingestion of ____.
* Release of ____ that mobilize other cells of innate and adaptive immunity.

A
  • Pathogen
  • Chemical Alarm Signals
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19
Q

Enhances phagocytosis.

A

Opsonization

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20
Q

Factors that can act as opsonins.

A
  • Antibodies
  • Complement
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21
Q

Pathogens escape destruction by phagocytes through:
* Secreting molecules that block the ____ with the phagosome.
* Developing resistance to the effects of ____ and ____.
* Finding ways to escape the phagosome, take up residence, and replicate within the ____ of the phagocyte.

A
  • Fusion of Lysosomes
  • Lysosomal Enzymes and Reactive Oxygen Intermediates
  • Cytoplasm
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22
Q
  • Bacterium that causes Tuberculosis.
  • Known for its ability to hide out and replicate inside macrophages.
A

Tuberculosis Bacterium

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23
Q
  • Can enhance the entire killing process inside the macrophage.
  • This enhancement only happens when the macrophage presents antigen from such bacteria.
A

T-Cells

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24
Q

Example of an interaction between innate and adaptive defenses.

A

Interaction between Phagocytes and T-Cells.

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25
Q

Distributed throughout the body points where pathogens can most easily gain entry.
* Particular points: respiratory and digestive tract mucosae.

A

Immune System

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26
Q

Two major anatomical parts of the immune system.

A
  • Specialized Immune Cells
  • Lymphoid Tissues and Organs
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27
Q

Mostly leukocytes (WBCs) and their close relatives.

A

Specialized Immune Cells

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28
Q
  • Including bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.
  • Sites where lymphocytes are produced, reside, and come in contact with pathogens.
A

Lymphoid Organs and Tissues

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29
Q
  • Originates in the bone marrow.
  • Some cells migrate to tissues or circulate through the blood and lymphatic system and enter tissues when needed.
A

Cells of Immune System

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30
Q
  • Term for immune cells that travel in the blood.
  • Traditionally classified according to their shape and the colors of their granule (if stained with histological dyes).
A

Leukocytes

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31
Q

Types of leukocytes (from most to least common).

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Lymphocyte
  • Monocyte
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
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32
Q
  • Has a multi-lobed nucleus.
  • Pale-staining granules.
  • Most common leukocyte.
  • Use the process of phagocytosis which destroys pathogens.
A

Neutrophil

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33
Q
  • Has rounded nucleus and no prominent granules.
  • Smaller than monocytes.
  • Includes B Cells and T Cells.
A

Lymphocyte

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34
Q
  • Turn into macrophages when entered into a tissue.
  • Large cells that have a U-shaped nucleus and do not have prominent granules.
A

Monocyte

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35
Q
  • Has bi-lobed nucleus.
  • Has prominent red-staining cytoplasmic granules containing enzymes.
  • Fight parasites (worms) by releasing digestive enzymes to them.
  • Contribute to allergies (asthma).
A

Eosinophil

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36
Q
  • Has blue-staining granules.
  • Make up less than 1% of circulating leukocytes.
  • Contain chemicals that mediate inflammation (histamine).
A

Basophil

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37
Q
  • Eating cell.
  • Engulf and destroy pathogens, dead cells, and debris.
A

Phagocytes

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38
Q
  • Process and present antigens to T Cells.
  • Commonly found in lymphoid organs and tissues.
A

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

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39
Q

Three types of cells that can present antigens.

A
  • Dendritic Cells
  • Macrophages
  • B Cells
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40
Q
  • Capture antigens in the periphery.
  • Migrate to lymph nodes.
  • Present these antigens to T cells.
A

Dendritic Cells

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41
Q

In adaptive community: B cells and T cells.

A

Effector Cells

42
Q

Mostly leukocytes and some non-leukocytes.

A

Other Cells

43
Q

Perform other functions in host defenses.

A

Mast Cells

44
Q
  • Key component of adaptive immunity.
  • Originates in the bone marrow.
A

Leukocytes

45
Q

Cells that mature in the bone marrow.

A

B Cells

46
Q

Cells that mature in the thymus.

A

T Cells

47
Q

Two primary lymphoid organs.

A

Bone Marrow and Thymus

48
Q
  • Where lymphocytes contact pathogens and the site for activation.
  • Located at potential sites of invasion.
  • House macrophages and other immune system cells.
A

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

49
Q

Five secondary lymphoid organs.

A
  • Lymph Nodes
  • Spleen
  • Peyer’s Patches (small intestine)
  • Appendix
  • Tonsils
50
Q

Overlaps in structure and functions with the immune system.

A

Lymphatic System

51
Q

Three parts of the lymphatic system.

A
  • Lymphatic Vessels: One-way system of vessels
  • Lymph: Fluid in lymphatic vessels
  • Lymph nodes
52
Q

Collect excess interstitial fluid that leaves capillaries and accumulates in tissues.

A

Lymphatic Capillaries

53
Q
  • Drained by lymphatic capillaries into larger lymph vessels.
  • Filtered through lymph nodes to remove antigens.
  • Returned to the circulatory system.
A

Interstitial Fluid

54
Q
  • If not functioning properly, fluid builds up in tissues (Lymphedema) resulting in an inefficient delivery of antigens to the lymph nodes.
  • Affected tissues are at increased risk of uncontrolled infection.
A

Lymphatic Vessels

55
Q
  • The ____ weave through the blood capillary beds of loose connective tissue.
  • They are blind sacs (closed tubes) formed by overlapping endothelial cells.
  • The overlapping endothelial cells are supported by collagen filaments that anchor the cells to the surrounding matrix.

Flow of Lymph

A

Lymph Capillaries

56
Q
  • As fluid builds up in the tissue, the ____ of the endothelial cells open and the fluid enters the capillary.
  • Overlapping endothelial cells act as one-way valves.

Flow of Lymph

A

Overlapping Flaps

57
Q

____ can also enter the lymphatics from the tissues and be transported to nearby lymph nodes.

Flow of Lymph

A
  • Plasma Proteins
  • Pathogens
  • Antigens
  • Dendritic Cells
58
Q
  • Lymph capillaries lead into ____ which contain one-way valves.
  • Interspersed between segments of larger lymph vessels are the lymph nodes.
  • Lymph filters through the nodes and is cleansed of antigens and pathogens by phagocytes.

Flow of Lymph

A

Larger Lymph Vessels

59
Q

Lymph is funneled into successively larger lymphatic vessels until it finally drains into the circulatory system at the ____.

Flow of Lymph

A

Large Neck Veins

60
Q

____ excess tissue fluid and any leaked proteins to the blood.

Functions of lymphatic vessels

A

Return

61
Q

Transport pathogens, antigens, and dendritic cells from the tissues to the ____.

Functions of lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph Nodes

62
Q

Transport absorbed fat to the blood via special lymphatic capillaries in the intestine called ____.

Functions of lymphatic vessels

A

Lacteals

63
Q

Together with the ____ and the ____ form the lymphatic system, important for body defenses.

Functions of lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph and Lymph Nodes

64
Q

Small, oval or bean-shaped secondary lymphoid organs arrayed along lymphatic vessels.

A

Lymph Nodes

65
Q

Clusters of lymph nodes are found where several lymphatic vessels converge.

A
  • Inguinal Region
  • Axillary Region
  • Cervical Region
66
Q

Filter the lymph by removing ____ and other ____.

Functions of Lymph Nodes

A

Antigens and Debris

67
Q
  • Provide sites for the activation of ____ cells by antigens.
  • These interactions generate immune responses.

Functions of Lymph Nodes

A

B and T Cells

68
Q
  • Carry lymph into a lymph node.
  • Carry antigen-containing lymph from the tissues into the node.
  • Several of these feed into a single node on its convex side.
A

Afferent Lymphatic Vessels

69
Q
  • Carry lymph away from a lymph node.
  • There are fewer of these vessels per node.
  • Stows the flow of lymph through the node, allowing for more thorough cleansing as lymph percolates through passages lined with dendritic cells, lymphocytes and macrophages.
  • Lymph is filtered by several nodes before it is emptied into the venous circulation.
A

Efferent Lymphatic Vessels

70
Q
  • Covered by a dense connective tissue capsule.
  • Separated into sections by the bundles of collagen fibers that extend from the capsule into the node.

Structure of Lymph Node

A

Trabeculae

71
Q
  • First of a series of sinuses, interconnected dilated channels, through which the lymph flows as it passes through the lymph node.
  • Lymph from the afferent lymphatic vessels empties here and then flows into sinuses in the outer cortex.

Structure of Lymph Node

A

Subcapsular Sinus

72
Q

B cells are found organized into oval-shaped lymphoid follicles in here.

Structure of Lymph Node

A

Outer Cortex

73
Q

Follicles that contain lighter-staining central areas; formed by B cells proliferating in response to antigen.

Structure of Lymph Node: Outer Cortex

A

Germinal Center

74
Q

Where lymphocytes exit blood vessels and enter lymph nodes.

Structure of Lymph Node

A

Deep Cortex

75
Q

Encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells.

Structure of Lymph Node: Deep Cortex

A

T Cells

76
Q

Shaped into elongated masses of cells called medullary cords.

Structure of Lymph Node

A

Central Medulla

77
Q
  • Elongated masses of cells.
  • Contain both types of lymphocytes as well as macrophages and plasma cells, which are derived from B cells.

Structure of Lymph Node

A

Medullary Cords

78
Q

Shallow indentation where efferent lymphatic vessels and blood vessels are found.

Structure of Lymph Node

A

Hilum

79
Q
  • High vascular organ because it cleans the blood.
  • Fist-sized, blood-rich organ located to the left of and dorsal to the stomach.
  • Performs the same cleansing function for the blood as the lymph nodes do for the lymph.
  • Removes pathogens, aged erythrocytes, and platelets from the blood.
  • Stores platelets and breakdown products of erythrocytes.
  • Provides a site for the interaction of lymphocytes with antigens.
  • Allows intimate contact between blood and lymphocytes.
A

Spleen

80
Q

Multiple branches of the splenic artery and vein enter and leave the spleen at the ____.

A

Hilum

81
Q

Just like the lymph nodes, the spleen is surrounded by a ____.

A

Fibrous Capsule

82
Q

Fibrous capsule has extensions of connective tissue called ____.

A

Trabeculae

83
Q

Most of the spleen is made of ____, which looks dark in fresh splenic tissue.

A

Red Pulp

84
Q

Sites where filtering and processing of red blood cells and pathogens occur.

A

Areas of Red Pulp

85
Q

Lighter colored islands of white pulp surround the ____.

A

Central Arteries

86
Q

Made up of collections of lymphocytes.

A

White Pulp

87
Q

A red blood cell through the spleen.

A
  • Blood enters the spleen through multiple branches of the splenic artery.
  • The branches divide further, eventually forming central arteries surrounded by white pulp.
  • The central arteries divide further into smaller arterioles that carry blood deeper into the red pulp of the spleen.
  • Blood leaves the arterioles and filters directly into the red pulp.
  • The red pulp consists of a network of reticular fibers studded with fibroblasts and macrophages, called the splenic cords.
  • Blood trickles through the spaces within these cords and squeezes into the venous sinusoids, thus returning to the venous circulation.
  • Macrophages recognize and remove aged erythrocytes and platelets. In addition, older erythrocytes often break into fragments while squeezing into the sinusoids.
  • These fragments are then cleaned up by the splenic macrophages.
88
Q

In stained splenic tissue, the white pulp actually looks ____ than the red pulp because of the many darkly staining nuclei of densely packed lymphocytes.

A

Darker

89
Q

The white pulp consists of ____ cells.

A

B and T Cells

90
Q

Mostly in follicles, some of which have lighter-staining germinal centers.

A

B Cells

91
Q

B and T cells wander through the white pulp where they encounter their ____.

A

Antigens

92
Q

Primarily responsible for removing old erythrocytes.

A

Red Pulp

93
Q

Site of immune interactions between antigens and lymphocytes.

A

White Pulp

94
Q
  • Guards the mucosae.
  • Collections of lymphoid tissue.
  • Distributed throughout the mucosa.
  • Inclusion: tonsils, appendix, and Peyer’s Patches (small intestine).
  • Includes diffuse collections of cells in respiratory and other mucosae.
  • Consists of unencapsulated or partially encapsulated collections of lymphocytes.
  • Contains both B cells (in follicles) and T cells.
A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT)

95
Q

The ____ of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and genitourinary systems are vulnerable to invasion by pathogens because they are exposed to the external environment.

A

Mucosal Surfaces

96
Q

____ tonsils found at the posterior end of the oral cavity.

A

Two Palatine

97
Q

Embedded in the wall of the nasopharynx.

A

Pharyngeal Tonsil (Adenoids)

98
Q

Collection of lymphoid nodules at the base of the tongue.

A

Lingual Tonsil

99
Q
  • Trap microorganisms that enter the body through the oral or nasal cavities.
  • Can become overwhelmed by bacteria, becoming sites that harbor, rather than kill the organisms.
A

Tonsils

100
Q

Carried deep into the tonsils via the crypts, stimulate an immune response and lead to the formation of abundant germinal centers.

A

Microorganisms

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