M1: Epidemiology Flashcards
Often there is a frustrating delay between acquiring ___________ and applying this evidence to health policy.
Epidemiological evidence
A fundamental science of public health. Has made major contributions in improving population health. Essential to the process of identifying and mapping emerge diseases. Study of causes and distribution of disease in human population.
Epidemiology
Epidemiology uses _________ methods to study diseases in human populations to inform prevention and control efforts.
Quantitative
Defined by Last as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related stated or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems. Concerned not only with death, illness and disability but also with more positive health states and most importantly with the means to improve health.
Epidemiology
In epidemiology, the assumption is that the disease do not occur ________, but follow ________ patterns that can be studied and expressed in terms of what, where, who, when, how, why and what’s next.
Randomly. Predictable.
The goal of Epidemiology is to identify subgroups of the population who are at ___________ for disease than usual and who will benefit the most from disease specific interventions.
Higher risk
Features of Epidemiology: all findings must relate to a defined _________.
Population
Features of Epidemiology: A target population is specified about which the _________ are to be drawn.
Conclusions
Features of Epidemiology: Occasionally, measurements can be mad e on the ___________.
Full target population
Features of Epidemiology: more commonly, ________ can only be made on a study sample selected from the target population.
Observations
Features of Epidemiology: confidence in the conclusions drawn from the sample depends in part on the __________.
Sample size
Features of Epidemiology: ________ can be unrepresentative just by chance but these errors can be computed statistically.
Small samples
Features of Epidemiology: systematic sampling errors can be avoided through ___________ process by which member of the target population has a known probability of being included. However, the process requires an ___________ of all members of the target population, which may not be feasible in all cases.
Random selection. Enumeration/census.
Features of Epidemiology: the selection is thus often partially random meaning within the target population, an accessible subset(aka _______) is defined. The study sample is then _________ chosen from the study population.
Study population. Randomly.
Features of Epidemiology: Oriented to the ______ rather than individuals.
Groups
Features of Epidemiology: May guide decisions to individuals but they relate primarily to ______.
Groups
Epidemiology as a tool: searching for _________. Ex: genetic & environmental factors affects good health which may lead to ill health.
Causality
Epidemiology as a tool: Determining the ________. Ex: good health to subclinical changes to clinical disease which may either lead to death or recovery.
Natural history
Epidemiology as a tool: Determining the ________ of the population. Pie charts & graphs.
Health status
Epidemiology as a tool: Evaluating __________. Ill health, treatment of medical care and health promotion, preventive measures & public health services all affects Good Health.
Interventions
Epidemiologic Studies: Choosing the appropriate __________ is a crucial step in epidemiological investigation.
Study design
Epidemiologic Studies: Each study designs has its _______ and ________.
Strengths. Weaknesses.
Epidemiologic Studies: ________ must consider all sources of bias and confounding and strive to reduce them.
Epidemiologists
Epidemiologic Studies: __________ are important in epidemiology, as in other sciences.
Ethical issues
Allow nature to take its course. The investigator measures but does not intervene.
Observational
Kinds of Observational Studies: limited to a description of the occurrence of a disease in a population. Usually the first step in epidemiologic study.
Descriptive
Types of Descriptive studies
Case report & Case series
Kinds of Observational Studies: Analyses the relationship between health status and other variables.
Analytical