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Comparative Immunology Midterm 2 > Macrophages > Flashcards

Macrophages Flashcards

1
Q

How does Mo extravasion differ from N extravasion?

A

involves Mo-specific chemokines and adhesion molecules

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2
Q

How are Mo more efficient than N?

A

sustained pathogenic activity and longer life span

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3
Q

What does Mo extravasion occur?

A

Immediately following N influx

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4
Q

What is Mo extravasion facilitated by?

A

release of Mo-specific chemokines and chemotactic agents

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5
Q

What are Mo-specific chemokines secreted by?

A

endothelial cells (CCL2-CCR4)
N (CCL4-CCR1)
M0 (CCL7-CCR2)

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6
Q

What are the chemotactic agents involved in Mo extravasion?

A

beta-defensins, chimerin, TNFalpha

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7
Q

What do E-cells and Mo express respectively during the tethering stage?

A 
E-cells = P-selectin
Mo = P-selectin glycoprotein ligand (PSGL-1)
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8
Q

What do E-cells and Mo express respectively during the rolling stage?

A 
E-cells = E-selectin
Mo = CD62L (L-selectin)
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9
Q

What do E-cells and Mo express respectively for adhesion molecules?

A 
E-cell = ICAM 1&2 and VCAM 1
Mo = LFA-1 & MAC-1
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10
Q

What complement receptors do M0 express?

A

CD35 (CR1) and CD11b/CD18 (CR3)

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11
Q

What do complement receptors on M0 do?

A

enables the M0 to phagocytize microbes opsinised by C3 components

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12
Q

M0 express Fc receptors enabling them to?

A

carry out antigen-specific phagocytosis

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13
Q

What do mammalian M0 express?

A

high affinity CD64 and low affinity CD32 and CD16

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14
Q

What does expression of CD64 allow M0 to do?

A

Recognize single IgG-Ag complexes

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15
Q

What does expression of CD32 and CD16 allow M0 to do?

A

recognize multivalent immune complexes

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16
Q

M0 express CD71 enabling them to?

A

allow internalization of transferrin that has sequestered iron

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17
Q

What mechanisms of killing do M0 rely on?

A

oxidative and non-oxidative

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18
Q

M0 utilize the contents of what granulocyte?

A

N

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19
Q

What are the 2 subpopulations of M0?

A

pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2

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20
Q

What does pro-inflammatory M1 do (Draw it)?

A

In the end it produces potent antimicrobial oxidants peroxynitrite and a nitrogen dioxide radical

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21
Q

What do M1 M0s secrete? What do these do?

A

IL12 and IL23 which are critical effectors for the acute phase intracellular infections

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22
Q

What can prolonged M1 M0 do?

A

damage host tissues and are involved in acute inflammatory disease (ex. gastroenteritis)

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23
Q

What do M2 M0s secrete?

A

IL10 and TGFbeta

24
Q

M2 utilize arginine to produce?

A

ornithine then citruline

25
Q

M2 appear later during infection. What do they do?

A

key role in wound healing and important effectors during parasitic infections

26
Q

What signals M1?

A

IFNgamma

27
Q

What signals M2?

A

IL4&13

28
Q

How do mycobacterium Bovis and Brucells suis work against M0?

A

suppress M1 and promote M2 M0 differentiation facilitating their survival

29
Q

M2 M0 producing what is associated with persistent bacterial infection and chronic disease?

A

IL10

30
Q

How do M0 act as regulatory cells?

A

antigen presenting ability, phagocytize apoptotic N, secrete cytokines and enzymes promoting tissue remodeling and repair, secrete regulatory cytokines to stimulate acute phase responses and steer the acquired immune response

31
Q

What cells are involved in steering the acquired immune response?

A

Th1, Th2, Th17, regulatory T-cells

32
Q

What components are involved in Th1 cell steering??

A

IL12, IL18

33
Q

What components are involved in Th2 cell steering?

A

IL1, IL6, IL10, IL13

34
Q

What components are involved in Th17 cell steering?

A

TNFalpha, IL6, IL23

35
Q

What components are involved in regulatory T-cell steering?

A

TGFbeta and IL10

36
Q

M0 can become activate by? What do they differentiate into?

A

PAMPS and alarmins and differentiate into M1

37
Q

What do M1 secrete when activated by PAMPS and alarmins?

A

IL12 and TNFalpha

38
Q

What do IL12 and INFalpha activate?

A

NK cells

39
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

secrete IFNgamma

40
Q

What does IFNgamma do?

A

induce NOS2 gene transcription

41
Q

What cells remove particles that have penetrated skin and what do they do with them?

A

Langerhans cells then migrate to draining lymph nodes and act as APCs interacting with T-cells

42
Q

In species without lymph nodes how to cells remove particles?

A

Same cells but migriate to drainage lymph nodules or clear particles circulation with interaction with T-cells in secondary lymphoid tissues

43
Q

What consists of secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Spleen, pronephros (in fish), bursa (birds)

44
Q

What is involved in the removal of ingested particles?

A

GI tract enzymes degrade most particles and the rest is removed by mucus flow

45
Q

What is the function of M cells in the GIT?

A

sample particles on intestinal lumen and pass to M0 that travel to intestinal Peyer’s patches and/or mesenteric lymph nodes to interact with T cells for antigen presenting

46
Q

What is involved in the removal of inhaled particles?

A

most stick to the mucus in the bronchi and bronchies and are pushed out

47
Q

What happens to particles small enough to reach the alveoli?

A

they are phagocytized by alveolar M0 and removed by mucus flow

48
Q

How do pigs, ruminants and horses remove circulating particles?

A

removed my M0 lining capillary epithelium of the lung

49
Q

How do humans, rabbits and mice remove circulating particles?

A

via hepatic Kupffer cells and splenic M0

50
Q

What occurs in the human liver to remove particles?

A

K-cell trap the pathogen then attract N to phagocytize and destroy them. Then there is phagocytic removal of the dying N by the K-cell

51
Q

What makes the best opsonins and why?

A

Antibodies because they are antigen specific

52
Q

K-cells rely heavily on what type of opsinization?

A

C3 via CD35

53
Q

What do M1 differentiate into for healing?

A

M2

54
Q

What is the function of TGFbeta?

A

promotes fibroblast division and enhances deposition of fibroblast proteins such as fibronectin (scaffold for ECM)

55
Q

True or false - M2 M0s secrete angiogenic factors

A

true

56
Q

When does the host inflammatory response become chronic?

A

when foreign particles persist for a long time or a pathogen remains elusive

57
Q

Granulomas contain what?

A

M0 which form into giant cells to restrict spread of the pathogen or particle

Comparative Immunology Midterm 2 (4 decks)

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