Major Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance

Question 1

Penicillin-binding proteins

Used by what? Against what?

Answer 1

Used by MRSA, S. pneumoniae, enterococci

Against- beta-lactam penicillins

Question 2

DNA gyrase alterations

Used by what? Against what?

Answer 2

Used by S. aureus, Psuedomonas species

Against- Fluoroquinolones

Question 3

Peptidoglycan side chain alterations (Used by what? Against what?)

Answer 3

Used by Enterococci (VRE), Staphylococci (VRSA)

Against- Vancomycin

Question 4

50s ribosome methylation (Used by what? Against what?)

Answer 4

Used by Strep-, Staph, enterococci

Against- Macrolides, Clindamycin

Question 5

Enzymatic destruction of Beta-lactam antibiotics

Used by what? Using what?

Answer 5

Used by S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Bacteroides, Enterococci

With- Beta lactamase

Question 6

Enzymatic destruction of Animoglycosides

Used by what? Using what?

Answer 6

Used by Enterococci

With- Acetyl-/Phospho-adenylyltransferases

Question 7

Enzymatic destruction of Chloramphenicol

Used by what? Using what?

Answer 7

Used by staphyloccocci, streptococci, Neisseria

With- Chlorampenicol

Question 8

Alternative resistant metabolic pathway example

Used by what? Using what? Against what?

Answer 8

Used by streptococci

With- Overproduction of PABA, overproduction of thymidine nucleotides

Against- Sulfonamides

Question 9

Decreased Entry of beta-lactam antibiotics

used by what?

Answer 9

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 10

Decreased Entry of Fluoroquinolones

used by what?

Answer 10

Pseudomonas species

Question 11

Decreased Entry of Aminoglycosides

used by what?

Answer 11

E. coli, Pseudomonas

Question 12

Increased Efflux of Tetracyclines

used by what?

Answer 12

Streptococci, Staphylococci, Enterococci

Question 13

Increased Efflux of Fluoroquinolones

used by what?

Answer 13

Pseudomonas

Question 14

Increased Efflux of Macrolides

Answer 14

Common generally