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E: Human Morphogenesis and Embryologically > Male Gametogenesis > Flashcards

Male Gametogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What does the epidydimis do?

A

Concentrate and stores sperm

Helps in sperm maturation

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2
Q

What does the seminal vesicles do?

A

Produce semen into ejaculatory duct

Secrete prostaglandins

Secrete fibrinogen

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3
Q

What does the prostate gland do?

A

Produces alkaline fluids, used to neutralise vaginal acidity.

Produces clotting enzymes, used to clot semen within the female.

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4
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland do?

A

Secrete mucus to act as lubricant

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5
Q

What happens at puberty to the levels of testerone

A

The testes begin to secrete greated amounts of testerone.

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6
Q

What does testerone do?

A

Stimulates development of many secondary sex characteristics.

Triggers growth of the testes

Maturation of seminiferous tubules.

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7
Q

Spermatogenesis?

A

Within seminferous tubules of the testes.

Germ cell mitosis reacivated at puberty.

Constant production of sperm

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8
Q

Graphical representation of the process of spermatogenesis?

A

See additional sheet 5

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9
Q

How is the production at the testes controlled?

A

By hormones

Secreted by anterior pituitary

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10
Q

What does luteinising hormone (LH) do?

A

Acts on Leydig cells

Regulates testosterone secretion

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11
Q

What does Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do?

A

Acts on sertoli cells to enhance spermatogenesis.

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12
Q

What stimulates the production of FSH and LH?

A

Production of GnRH

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13
Q

Graphical representation of the interaction between the hormones to trigger spermatogenesis?

A

See additional sheet 6

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14
Q

What cells in the hypothalamus produce GnRH?

A

GnRH-expression neurones in the hypothalamus

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15
Q

What parts of the body does testerone production effect?

6 major ones

A

Skin

Brain

Male sex organs

Bone marrow

Muscle

Bone

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16
Q

What are the key components of a spermatozoan?

A

Head

Midpiece

Tail

17
Q

What does the head contain?

A

Condensed nucleus

18
Q

What is the name of the cap of the head?

What does it contain

A

Apical vescile

Filled with hydrolytic enzymes

19
Q

What does the midpiece contain?

A

Contains large, helical mitocondria and generates energy for locomotion

20
Q

What does the tail contain?

A

Contains microtubules that form part of the propulsion system

21
Q

How many days does it take to produce a sperm?

A

Around 72 days

22
Q

What do the sertoli cells do?

A

Support germ cells in development

23
Q

What is the golgi developed into?

A

Acrosome

24
Q

What does the cilium develop into?

A

The tail

25
Q

When do males start producing sperm?

A

At puberty

26
Q

How many sperm are produced each heartbeat?

A

1000

27
Q

What happens during surgical sperm aspiration?

Why is it needed?

Negative side-effects?

A

Sperm is removed directly from the testes.

Needed if the person cant ejaculate.

Negative effects: how good is the sperm, stage of maturity.

28
Q

What stage of spermatogenesis do we call the spermatid being round?

A

Before it undergoes mitosis and meiosis

29
Q

Name the 3 stages of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Mitotic proliferation: produces large numbers of cells.
  2. Meiotic division: generates genetic diversity and halves the chromosome number.
  3. Cytodifferentiation: packages the chromosomes for effective delivery to the oocyte.
30
Q

What happens during the mitotic proliferation?

A

Increases cell number.

Interphase prospermatogonial germ cells are reactivated at puberty.

Undergo rounds of mitosis, making lot of cells that are known as spermatogonial stem cells.

31
Q

What happens during the meiotic division?

A

Takes place in the basal intratubular compartment of the testes.

Each primary spermatocyte so froms duplicates its DNA content.

32
Q

What happens during cytodifferentation?

A

Sperm changes shape from round to elongated spermatids.

A tail is formed.

33
Q

What 5 things can have adverse effects on human speratogenesis

A

Heat

Alcohol

Smoking

Chemo/Radio therapy

Vasectomy

34
Q

From the seminferous tubules where does the sperm go afterwards?

A

To the ampulla of the oviduct.

There is undergoes a process of functional maturation to prepare it to fertilise an oocyte

35
Q

Where is sperm stored once it is produced by the seminferous tubules?

A

Stored in the lower part of the epididymis.

36
Q

What happens during ejaculation?

A

Sperm are propelled through the vas deferens

Mixed with nourishing secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethrial glands.

37
Q

Capacitation?

A

Final stage of sperm maturation.

Consists of many changes in the acrosome.

38
Q

Why are the enzymes important in the cap?

A

To pentrate the zona pellucida

The shell of glycoproteins surrounding the oocyte

E: Human Morphogenesis and Embryologically (15 decks)

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