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Histology > Male Repro > Flashcards

Male Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Testis - function

A 
hormone production (mainly testosterone)
gamete (sperm production)
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2
Q

Testis - associated structures

A

Scrotum
Tunica darts
tunica vaginalis

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3
Q

Tunica dartos

A

smooth muscle layer beneath scrotal skin

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4
Q

tunica vaginalis

A

double-walled structure enveloping testis
consists of parietal and visceral layers of vaginal tunic
visceral layer = t. serosa consisting of mesothelium and a thin CT layer that blends with t. albuginea (capsule) of testis and is continuous over the epididymus
parietal layer - lines inner surface of scrotum

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5
Q

Testis proper - connective tissue framework

A 
Tunica albuginea (capsule)
mediastinum testis
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6
Q

T. albuginea

A

=capsule that encloses each testicle
dense irregular collagenous CT containing a vascular layer and smooth ms.
Continuous with CT surrounding the rete testis (mediastinum testis) and the septum w/in the testis (divides testis into lobules and converges with mediastinum testis)

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7
Q

Mediastinum testis

A

CT area surrounding rete testis
may be in a marginal position (horse, cat, rodents), or located centrally along the long axis of the testicle (dog, pig, rums)

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8
Q

Testis proper

A

connective tissue framework
interstitial endocrine cells
tubular duct system

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9
Q

Interstitial endocrine cells

A

in CT b/t convoluted seminiferous tubules
large, polymorphic, acidophilic cells
spherical nuclei, abundant SER, mitochondria with tubular cristae, lipid droplets
Cytoplasm appears foamy b/c lipid is washed out during fixation
secrete testosterone
also produce estrogens in some spp (i.e. boar)

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10
Q

Tubular duct system of testis proper

A

convoluted seminiferous tubules (CST)
straight tubules
rete testis

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11
Q

convoluted seminiferous tubules

A

lined by stratified germinal epithelium containing sustentacular and spermatogenic cells
connected at both ends to straight tubules
surrounded by CT
separated from lamina propria by a basal lamina
adjacent to basal lamina (in L. propria) are 1-several layers of peritubular contractile cells

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12
Q

straight tubules

A

section of tubules connecting CST to rete testis
composed of sustentacular cells
columnar appearance
lumen may be narrow

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13
Q

rete testis

A

anastomotic netweork of tubules
connects to efferent ductules (=extra-testicular duct system)
surrounded by connective tissue
located in mediastinum of the testis

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14
Q

peritubular contractile cells

A

adjacent to basal lamina (in lamina propria) in convoluted seminiferous tubules)
one to several layers thick
either myofibroblasts or smooth muscle cells (depending on spp.)
contiain actin and myosin filaments
responsible for tubular contraction and movement of sperm and secretions out of the convoluted tubules

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15
Q

Sustentacular cells - functions

A

nourishment and support of spermatogenic cells
regulation and synchronization of spermatogenesis
phagocytosis of residual cytoplasmic droplets and degenerating sperm
modulation of activity of interstitial endocrine cells (=paracrine function)
Clinically: steroidogenic

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16
Q

Sustentacular cells - structures

A

irregularly elongate/columnar cells with broad base attached to basal lamina by hemi-desmosome junctions
extend from basal lamina to tubule lumen
large leptochromatic, basal, oval/irregularly shaped nuclei with prominent nucleoli
abundant SER, mitochondria, lysosomes (from phagocytosis)
cell processes fill all spaces b/t spermatogenic cells
developing gametes are embedded in invaginations of cells and completely surrounded by them
temporary junctions with spermatogenic cells aid in vertical displacement of developing gametes

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17
Q

Blood testis barrier

A

tight junctions dividing sustentacular cells into basal compartment and adluminal (apical) compartment
tissue fluid can access the basal compartment but not the apical compartment
meiosis and spermiogenesis occur in apical compartment
during spermatogenesis cells pass from apical to basal compartment thru a temporary opening of tight junctions b/t sustentacular cells

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18
Q

Spermatogenic cells

A

stratified within germinal epithelium based on stage of development
stem cells: adjacent to basal lamina
spermatozoa: embedded in sustentacular cell apices at margin of the lumen
Cytoplasmic bridges interconnect spermatogenic cells at all stages

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19
Q

Three phases of spermatogenesis

A

spermatocytogenesis
meiosis
spermiogenesis (metamorphosis)

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20
Q

Spermatocytogenesis

A

mitotic divisions (in basal compartment
spermatogonio undergo multiple mitotic divisions to the primary spermatocyte stage with a duplicate set of chromosomes
spermatogonia retains cytoplasmic connections - allowing synchrony of new and developing series of cells
primary spermatocyte passes between the tight junctions of sustentacular cells to enter the apical compartment

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21
Q

Meiosis

A

chromosomes reduced to haploid number
in apical/adluminal compartment
one primary spermatocyte undergoes 1st meiotic division to become:
secondary spermatocytes undergo a 2nd meiotic division to become:
hapliod spermatids

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22
Q

spermiogenesis

A

metamorphosis
conversion of spherical spermatid into elongated spermatozoon (adjacent to lumen)
involves formation of acrosome (enzyme containing), nuclear condensation, formation of tail, loss of excess cytoplasm (residual cytoplasmic droplet or residual body)

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23
Q

capacitation

A

sperm’s outer coating changes
renders spermatozoa capable of binding to the oocyte zona pellucida
occurs in female reproductive tract

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24
Q

description of spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia (2n) and stem cells are round or oval adjacent to basal lamina in basal compartment
stem cells undergo mitosis to yield more stem cells and spermatogonia
when spermatogonia undergoes its final mitotic division, it becomes a primary spermatocyte
primary spermatocyte is initially located in the basal compartment next to the spermatogonia and then move b/t sustentacular cell junctions into the apical compartment
primary spermatocytes synthesize a dudplicate copy of its DNA (becomes 4N), and becomes larges spermatogenic cell
primary spermatocytes undergo 1st meiotic division and become 2 secondary spermatocytes (2N)
secondary spermatocytes undergo second meiotic division to become 2 spermatids (1N)
cytokinesis
end result: cell capable of transporting its haploid content to the ovum

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25
Q

spermatozoa features

A

head - nucleus and acrosomal cap
neck - short constricted segment contains centrioles
middle piece - microtubules surrounded by helically arranged mitochondria
principal piece - microtubules and fibrous sheath
end piece - only microtube which gradually decrease in number

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26
Q

spermiation

A

ejection of viable sperm into the convoluted siminiferous tubule lumen

27
Q

Testicular blood supply

A

within spermatic cord - testicular artery is highly coiled
many small vv. drains superficial vv. in t. albuginea and form the pampiniform plexus that surround the coils of the testicular a.
allows hormone and heat exchange b/t arterial and venous blood
testicular temperature is kept low, and hormone concentrations are kept high

28
Q

Extra-testicular duct system

A

epididymis

vas deferens

29
Q

epididymis

A

=efferent ductules and ductus epididymus
surrouned by t. albuginea and covered by visceral layer of t. vaginalis
divided into:
head - where efferent ductules join to form the first part of coiled ductus epididymis
body - middle part of coiled ductus epididymis
tail - where the coiled ductus epididymis gradually transforms to ductus deferens; sperm is stored primarily here

30
Q

efferent ductules

A

connect rete testis with the ductus epididymus
widened and convoluted part forms part of the head of the epididymus
efferent ductules are surrounded by CT and myofibroblasts
simple columnar partially ciliated epithelium (cilia help move sperm along)
non-ciliated cells are either secretory or absorptive (active in endocytosis; most cells)

31
Q

ductus epididymus

A

coiled tubule of head, body, and tail
wall consisted of circularly oriented smooth ms. (thicker toward tail) and loose to dense CT peripherally
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with long branched microvilli (stereocilia) usually matted together
basal polygonal cells
cells resorb most of fluid leaving the testis
some secretion (glycoproteins)
spermatozoa are stored and mature w/in epididymis
transit requires 10-15 days
sperm gain motility and fertility and are stored primarily in the tail

32
Q

ductus deferens

A

a continuation of ductus epididymis (a gradual structural transition b/t the two occurs)
terminal portion contains simple branched tubuloalveolar glands in the propria submucosa in some animals (a.k.a. ampulla)
opens into urethra at colliculus seminalis
Wall layers:
t. mucosa/submucosa
t. muscularis
t. serosa

33
Q

ductus deferens - t. mucosa/submucosa

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium; toward termination, may be simple columnar, near epididymis, may have branched microvilli
lamina propria/submucosa - loose CT

34
Q

ductus deferens - T. muscularis

A

thick

2-3 distinct layers or intermingled fasicles in one apparent layer

35
Q

Accessory glands

A

ampullary, vesicular, prostate, and bulbourethral

36
Q

accessory glands - functions

A

nourish, activate, and transport sperm
clear and lubricate urethra
form vaginal plug (coagulate product)
secretions from the accessory glands and the epididymis = seminal plasma = liquid that sperm is in

occurrence is spp. dependent
branched tubular or tubuloalveolar glands
glandular epithelium is simple columnar or pseudostratified columnar
secretions are mucous or serous
glands should have smooth or skel. ms. to squish them down and stimulate secretion

37
Q

Ampulla - functional role

A

secretion is seminal plasma component

sperm can be found residing w/in lumens of the terminal portion of the ductus deferens and associated glands

38
Q

Ampulla - structure

A

=enlargement at terminal part of ductus deferens with glands in it
t. mucosa/submucosa: simple columnar epithelium
lumenal epithelium: p.s. columnar; when near urethra, it is transitional
lamina propria/submucosa - branched, tubuloalveolar glands
t. muscularis: circular smooth muscle bundles

39
Q

Vesicular glands/seminal vesicles - function

A

secretion is seminal plasma component

40
Q

Vesicular glands - structure

A

paired organ
t mucosa/submucosa: epithelium of main excretory duct can be stratified columnar
lamina propria/submucosa - glandular (horse: vesicular; rum and pig: compact)
T. muscularis: inner circular/outer longitudinal smooth muscle (can be intermingled
horse and rums: vesicular glands join with terminal portion of ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct, which opens into the urethra at the colliculus seminal is

41
Q

Prostate gland: function

A

secretion is seminal plasma component
neutralize acid seminal fluid
initiate active movement of the spermatozoa

42
Q

Prostate gland: t. mucosa/submucosa

A

epithelium: stratified columnar w/main excretory ducts

lamina propria/submucosa: tubuloalveolar glands (gland epithelium = simple cuboidal/columnar)

43
Q

Prostate gland: t. muscularis

A

smooth muscle

44
Q

Prostate: body

A

compact, external part that partially (dorsally) or completely surrounds urethra at level of colliculus seminalis

45
Q

Disseminate (internal) prostate

A

located in propria/submucosa of the pelvic urethra
most developed along dorsal urethral surface, but may surround the entire urethra
glands may be present in wall of urethra distal to main body of the prostate
striated urethralis ms. fibers may surround disseminate prostate

46
Q

Prostate: capsule

A

surrounds the body of prostate

dense irregular CT capsule contains smooth ms. cells

47
Q

Prostate: parenchyma

A

simple cuboidal or columnar secretory cells surrounded by stroma of loose CT
a serous gland with occasional mucous units (spp. dependent - mixed in all but dog)
concentrically laminatied concretions of secretory material are often found here

48
Q

prostate: gland

A

a number of tubuloalveolar units, each with a separate duct opening into the urethra

49
Q

prostate: ducts

A

cuboidal or columnar epithelium

may become stratified columnar or transitional near entrance to urethra

50
Q

Bulbourethral gland: function

A

mucous secretion - helps clear male urethra of urine and lubricate the vaginal region after insemination
secretion results in seminal plasma coagulation after ejaculation (vaginal plug)

51
Q

Bulbourethral gland: structure

A

Paired gland; large and fibrous in boar

t. mucosa/submucosa:
epithelium - main ducts: columnar, PSC or transitional epithelium
lamina propria/submucosa - branched, tubulo alveoar glands

tunica muscularis: capsule (collagenous c.t.; some smooth ms.) – outer skeletal muscle (bulboglandularis ms.)

T. aventitia

52
Q

Urethral regions

A

pelvic urethra

penile urethra

53
Q

Pelvic urethra: location

A

from urinary bladder to bulb of penis

**cat has pre-prostatic, prostatic, and post-prostatic urethra

54
Q

Penile urethra: location

A

from bulb of penis to external urethral opening

55
Q

Urethral structure (general)

A

T. mucosa of urethra has longitudinal folds that disappear or flatten during micturition or erection
erectile tissue is along the entire length and is most abundant in the penile urethra
may be mucous urethral glands (spp. dependent: cat, horse) with most in pelvic urethra

56
Q

Pelvic urethra: structure

A

t. mucosa/submucosa:
transitional epithelium
lamina propria/submucosa of loose CT

t. muscularis:
thick smooth ms. at urinary bladder neck, partially replaced distally by skeletal ms. (urethralis)
** smooth ms. may continue throughout the pelvic urethra and be both deep and superficial to the urethralis

t. adventitia

57
Q

Penile urethra: structure

A

t. mucosa/submucosa:
transitional changing to stratified squamous epithelium near external urethral opening (there may be patches of stratified cuboidal or columnar, or simple columnar epithelium)0
erectile tissue

T. muscularis
may contain both skeletal and smooth ms.

58
Q

Penis types

A

fibrous/fibroelastic: well developed t. albuginea and internal CT (with collagen and elastin). in ruminants and swine

vascular: very vascular w/well-developed erectile tissue. found in horse and carnivores

59
Q

Penis regions

A

root, body, free part

60
Q

Penis: free part

A

enclosed by prepuce - a fold of skin, hairy on outside, essentially hairless on the inside
stratified squamous epithelium over free part of penis
bulk of organ consists of highly vascularized loose CT
may also contain bone, cartilage, or dense CT, depending on spp.
a glans is a well developed only in dog and stallion
surface of penis is covered with cornified spines in tomcats

61
Q

Penis: root and body

A

erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa penis and corpus spongiosum penis) surrounded by a capsule (t. albuginea) of dense CT
smooth ms. (retractor penis)
skeletal ms. (bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus mm.)
urethra

62
Q

Penis: root and body - erectile tissue

A

containse dense collagenous CT and is rich in elastic fibers and blood sinuses or cavernous spaces
helicene arteries supply blood to the erectile tissue
relaxation of helicine aa. allows blood flow into erectile tissue. This compresses the vv. limiting outflow until helicine aa. constrict and limit inflow again

63
Q

helicine arteries

A

thick walled helical aa.
longitudinal smooth ms. cells in tunica interna (cause wall to protrude into the lumen
lumen has an irregular outline

Histology (5 decks)

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