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Psychology > MBB2 REVISION > Flashcards

MBB2 REVISION Flashcards

1
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

what is the basic unit of the nervous system?

A

neuron

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2
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

what makes up the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

what is the fatty sheath around the axon called?

A

myelin

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4
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

what are the gaps in fatty sheath around axon called?

A

node of ranvier

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5
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

name the subdivisions of the autonomic central nervous sysmtem.

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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6
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

name the 4 lobes of the brain

A

occipital
temporal
parietal
frontal

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7
Q

neuroscience: neural syrstems:

name the vertical positional terms of the brain

A

dorsal

ventral

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8
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

name the horizontal positional terms of the brain

A

rostral

caudal

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9
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

lobe of the brain associated with visual processing?

A

occipital lobe

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10
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

what is the electrical waveform of a neuron called?

A

action potential

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11
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

what is the electrical charge across axonal membrane in absence of stimulation called?

A

resting mebrane potential

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12
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

what is the nervous system?
3 types of systems?

A

consists of all neural tissue found in body.

CNS, PNS, ENS

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13
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

sensory information from receptors to CNS?

motor commands to muscles?

A

afferent

efferent

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14
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

name the 4 subdivisions of efferent signals

define them

A

somatic - voluntary commands to muscles.
autonomic - involuntary regulation
sympathetic - fight/flight, mobalize stress.
parasympathetic - rest/digest. reduces excitation

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15
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

function on the limbic system?

name the brain parts invovled

A

emotion, sexual behaviour, memory and motivation

cingulate gyrus - emotion
thalamus and hippocampus - learning and memory
amydala - emotion and memory

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16
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

cells that recieve, transmit and modulate iformation in form of electrical activity, a building block of nervous system?

A

neurons

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17
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

name the 7 parts of structure of neuron

A 
cell body
nucleus
dendrite
axon
axon terminal
myelin sheath
node of ranvier
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18
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

  • contains DNA/RNA
  • central part of neuron
  • carries electrical signal away from cell body
  • carries electrical signals towards body
  • gaps in myelin sheath
  • neurons connects to other neurons
  • insulating fat around axon
A 
nucleus
cell body
axon
dendrite
node of ranvier
axon terminal 
myelin sheath
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19
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

name 3 types of neurons and define

A

unipolar - 1 axon branching at terminal end - sensory

biploar - 1 axon, 1 dendrite at opposite ends - sensory

multipolar - 1 axon, mutiple dendrites

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20
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

Likelihood that a neuron will fire an electrical signal given certain chemical and electrical properties. Can induce action potential.

A

neuronal exicitability

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21
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

Electrical voltage present across the cell membrane.
Change in this potential causes neuron to fire electrical signal along axon – action potential. Cell membrane always has voltage across axon even when not firing – resting potential. At resting potential – membrane is polarized.

A

membrane potential

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22
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

70mv - electrical charge across cell membrane in absnece of stimulation?

A

resting potential

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23
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

all or nothing event.
large, brief reversal in polarity of an axon -40mv?

A

action potential

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24
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

binds neurons together
50% of volume of CNS
divide by mitosis
insulates, supports and nourishes neurons

A

glial cells

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25
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

name the types of glial cells

A 
ependymal
astrocyte
microglia
oligodendroglia
neuroglia
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26
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

largest glial cell
star shaped
help form and maintain blood brain barrier
structural support for neurons
maintain chemical enviroment for action potential generation

A

astrocytes

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27
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

most common glial cell
round cell body
forms myelin sheath around axons in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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28
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

small cells found near blood vessels
phagocytic role - clears dead cells
protects CNS from disease

A

microglia

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29
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

cuboidal shape
protective layer that lines the brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal seperate from cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

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30
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

a type of glial cell in PNS?

wrap around portion of one axon to form myelin sheath?

surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, provides support and nutrients?

A

neuroglia

schwann cells

satellite cells

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31
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

what neural system is associated with smell?

A

olfaction

olfactory bulb - smell function main brain area

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32
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

Hebb’s rule?

A

cells that fire togehter, grow together.

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33
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

the central nervous system is divided into 3 functionally distinct subsections?

A

spinal cord
brainstem
forebrain

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34
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

movement and creates sensory
divded into hindbrain, midbrain and diencephalon?

A

brainstem

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35
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

basal ganglia - voluntary movements and limibic system - mood and motivation, memory - largest part of mammalian brain?

A

forebrain

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36
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

cell body (soma) containing nucleus and make protein?

A

core region of a neuron

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37
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

snyapse - junction between one neuron and another?

A

dendritic spine

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38
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

3 types of neurons?

A

sensory
interneurons
motor

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39
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

neurons excite other neurons
neurons inhibit neurons

A

turn on

turn off

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40
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

intracellular and extracellular fluids of a neuon has positive charged ions called?

A

Na+ sodium

K+ potassium

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41
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

intracellular and extracellular fluids of a neuron have negative charged ion called?

A

Cl- chloride

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42
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

increase in electrical charge across membrane?

decrease in electrical charge across membrane?

A

hyperpolarisation

depolarisation

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43
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

state of axon in repolarising period during which a new AP cannot be elicited because gate which is not voltage sensitive is closed?

A

absolute refactory

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44
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

propagation of an action potential on the membrane of an axon?

chemical released by a neuron onto a target with an exictatory or inhibtory effect?

A

nerve impulse

neurotransmitter

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45
Q

neuroscience: neural systems:

gap that seperates presynatpic membrane from postsynaptic membrane.

junction at which messenger molecules released when stimulated by action potential

membrane on transmitter output side of snyapse.

mebrane on transmitter input side of synapse.

A

synapic cleft

chemical synapse

presynaptic membrane

post synaptic membrane

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46
Q

what is spoken language?

defintion of language?

A

language is communicative, structured and creative

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47
Q

what is spoken language?

speech sounds that constitute fundamental components of a langauge?

study and classification of speech sounds?

A

phonology

phonetics

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48
Q

what is spoken language?

forms of words?

smallest units of meaning within word?

A

morphology

morphemes

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49
Q

what is spoken language?

arrangments of words and phrases?

meaning of word, phrase or text?

A

syntax

semantics

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50
Q

what is spoken language?

context in which langauge is used?

spelling ststem of language - information about spelling of words?

A

pragmatics

orthography

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51
Q

what is spoken language?

visual gestures, visual cues

A

sign language

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52
Q

what is spoken language?

we have ___, _____ structure in langauge. _____ and ______. speech is a series of _____ ______.

A 
impliciit 
long term
produced
comprehended
phonetic
segments
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53
Q

what is spoken language?

speech depends on _____ ____.
speech sound shapes ___ ____ making sound.
we control ____, ____ and _____.

A

vocal tract
vocal tract
constants, vowels, speech

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54
Q

what is spoken language?

instrument used to produce visible records of sound frequencies in speech.
silence does not indicate when one word stops and another starts.
speech converted into electrical signal

A

spectrogram

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55
Q

what is spoken language?

unit of sound system of a language forms syllable?

describes action, state?

a word used to identify people, place, thing?

A

vowels

verbs

nouns

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56
Q

what is spoken language?

smallest part of spoken langaguge?

words having same pronounciations but differ in way they are spelt?

pronouncable non word?

A

phones

homophones

pseudo word

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57
Q

what is spoken language?

context when listen to speech
bottom up processing
lip reading to make judgment of speech?

A

McGurk effect

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58
Q

what is spoken language?

why is speech hard? 6 factors.

A 
speed
variability
segmentation
ambiguity
size of search
co-articulation
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59
Q

what is spoken language?

why is langauge easy? 3 factors.

A

fast
continous
automatic

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60
Q

what is spoken language?

we use context, lexical, structural context.

A

context effects

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61
Q

what is spoken language?

Clark and Clark:

extreme hesitation?

reveals speakers true desires?

swapping letters of first letters?

when correct word is replaced by word of smiliar means?

A

slip of tongue

freudian slip

spoonerism

semantic substitution

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62
Q

what is spoken language?

what is microplanning (syntactic planning)?

A

generating content words - planning words in correct order via lexicalisation.

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63
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

why is speech hard? 6 factors

A 
transience
speed
variability
segmentation
ambiguity
size of search
64
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

information flow is strictly bottom up?

flow can take place from higher levels to lower ones, its all about timing?

A

autonomy

interaction

65
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

definition of neighbourhoods?

A

two words = phonological neighbours if they differ in only one phoneme

66
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

words that sound similar are _____ in the lexicon.
words that differ by one phoneme.

A

neighbours

67
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

4 stages in spoken language?

A

initial contact
selection
recognition
integration

68
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

input matched against lexicon?

plausible candiate words chosen?

occurs when one is chosen?

syntactic and semantic properties of words used to build sentence structure?

A

inital contact

selection

recognition

integration

69
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

network model of speech perception.
assumes bottom up and top down processes interact flexibly in spoken word recognition.

A

TRACE MODEL

70
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

TRACE = 3 processing units?

A

features
phonemes
words

71
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

TRACE - feature level to phoneme level and into word level

A

bottom up activation

72
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

TRACE - word level to phoneme level to feature level

A

top down

73
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

high frequency are processed ____ than lower frequency words - TRACE.

A

faster

74
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

McClelland & Elman (1986)

A

TRACE

75
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

words conforming to sound sequence heard?

____ _____ _____ belonging to _____ are elimnated if they dont match further information. processing of presented word continues until contextual information and information from word is sufficent to eliminate all but one word from ____ _____.

A

the cohort model

word initial cohort

cohort

inital cohort

76
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

microplanning, retrieval of content words and looks at the types and relative frequencies of whole word substituton errors?

A

lexicalisation

77
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

content words assigned syntactic and semantic roles?

A

functional planning

78
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

name 5 types of neuropsychological problems for spoken language?

A 
brocas type aphasia
wernickes type aphasia
anomia
aphasia
agrammatism
79
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

form of aphasia involving non fluent speech and grammatical errors. (left hemisphere damage - frontal lobe damage)

A

brocas type aphasia

80
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

form of aphasia invovling imparied comprehension and fluent speech with many content words missing (left hemisphere damage - posterior temporal lobe dmamage)

A

wernickes type aphasia

81
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

brain damage - imparied ability to name objects at semantic and phonological level?

impaired language abilites as a result of brain damage?

A

anomia

aphasia

82
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

speech production lacks grammatical structure?

A

agrammatism

83
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

processes invovled in speech production occur in parallel and very differnt kinds of information can be processes together and it is flexible - Dell, 1986?

A

spreading activation theory

84
Q

theories of spoken langauge:

word form encoding by activation and verification focusing on processes involved in producing individual spoken words? - Leveit

A

WEAVER++

85
Q

written language:

__% of world population over 15 can read.

__% of UK adults = level 4 reading.

A

84%

20%

86
Q

written language:

UK has __ lowest literacy rate in EU.

reading seems well ____ as a process and _____.

A

2nd

defined

automatic

87
Q

written language:

types of written representation: (3)?

A

logographic - symbol for frequently word as for symbol, word.

syllabic - marks denote syllables.

phonemic - alphabetic

88
Q

written language:

one or more letters that represent a sound in a word?

A

graphemes - in alphabetic languages, phonemes are represented by graphemes.

89
Q

written language:

english has one \_\_\_\_
many \_\_\_\_\_
many \_\_\_\_\_
many \_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_ words
\_\_\_\_ words
\_\_\_\_ words
A 
phoneme
regularties
exceptions
inconsistencies
regular
irregular
non words
90
Q

written language:

an attempt to charcterise/define how the reading process works?

A

model building

91
Q

written language:

stimulus word, need to make decision about it. sometimes asked if word is real english word, sometimes asked another question about stimulus word - what experimental paradigm?

A

the lexical decision paradigm

92
Q

written language:

shows phonology is active even when you dont need it to complete a task - who?

A

van orden (1987)

93
Q

written language:

role for phonology at earliest stages of recognising individual words.
assess the role of phonology in word processing.
a word preceded by phonologically identical non word prime.
prime is masked, presented briefly so its no consciously percieved.
phonological process - rapid and automatic - which experimental paradigm?

A

the masked priming paradigm

94
Q

written language:

orthography ?
phonology ?
semantic ?

A

print
sound
meaning

95
Q

written language:

patients produce errors related to meaning of word rather than sound - coltheart et al 2001 ?

A

deep dyslexia

96
Q

written language:

tumiranta et al 2014?

A

patients with left hemisphere damage can learn new written words but not new spoken words.

97
Q

language:

phonological processing of visual words is slow and inessential for word indentification - what model?

A

weak phonological model

98
Q

langauge:

phonology = central role? - what model?

A

strong phonological model

99
Q

langauge:

use of phonology depend on ____________?

A

nature of word and participants reading ability.

100
Q

language:

average ms to recognise each word?

A

200ms

101
Q

language:

naming colours in which words are printed is slowed when words themselves are different colour names?
suggests that word meaning can be extracted even when people try not to process it

A

stroop effect

102
Q

language:

finding that word identification is facilitated when there is priming by a semantically related word?

A

context effects

103
Q

reading aloud and silent reading both starting with orthographic anaylsis. activation at one level is passed on to next level before processing at first level is complete - what model?

A

dual route cascaded model

104
Q

language:

7981 one syllable words varying in length between one and eight letters - what model?

A

computational model

105
Q

language:

take account only of meaning of word in sentence.
semantic mismatch in a sentence should take longer to detect than mismatch in sentence?

A

sentence comprehension

106
Q

language:

bottom up and top down processes interact. involved in activation and inhibition processes going from the word level to letter level - what model?

A

interactive activation model

107
Q

language:

what is a lexicon?

A

store of detailed information about words.

108
Q

language:

regular words can be read but impaired ability to read irregular words?

A

surface dyslexia

109
Q

body and movement:

a defining feature of humans and animals alike?

A

movement

110
Q

body and movement:

movement is ___, ___ and ____ in the brain and nervous system.

A

complex
dynamic
distributed

111
Q

body and movement:

hierarchy of movement control (8 steps):

A

1) visual info locate target
2) frontal loe motor plan reach and command the movement
3) spinal cord carries info to the hand
4) motor neurons carry message to muscles of hand
5) sensory receptors on fingers send message to sensory cortex saying object is grasped
6) spinal cord carries sensory info to the brain
7) basal ganglia judge grasp forces and cerebellum corrects movement errors
8) sensory cortex recieves message that cup is grasped

112
Q

body and movement:

in spinal cord:
dorsal fibres are _____
ventral fibres are _____

sensory pathways are ____
motor pathways are _____

A

affarent
efferent

affarent
efferent

113
Q

body and movement:

______ cortex plan ______
______ cortex organizes ______ sequence
______ cortex produces specific ______

A 
prefrontal
movement
premotor
movement
motor
movement
114
Q

body and movement:

electrical stimulation of the motor cortex elicits movements of body parts corresponding to the map of the body?

A

motor organisation

115
Q

body and movement:

motor cortex has direct projections to the ___ ____.

A

basal ganglia

116
Q

body and movement:

parkinsons disease:

associated with atrophy in areas deeper in the brain than the cortical layers?

symptomology very similar but with varaible neurological correlates onset - aprox 60 years. motor dsyfunction most common?

A

subcortical dementia

idiopathic parkinsons disease

117
Q

body and movement:

symptoms of motor disease? (5 factors)

A 
tremor
bradykinesia - slowness of movement and planning movement
rigidity
impaired sense of smell
cognitive dementia
118
Q

body and movement:

motor disease -
symptoms caused by death of _____ secreting neurons in the substantia nigra.

A

dopamine

119
Q

body and movement:

first discovered in the macaque brain area F5?
even when reverse movement is made and observed, as long as the same goal was achieved the ___ fires - umita et al 2009.

A

mirror neurons

120
Q

body and movement:

MNs respond to sound of an action taking place. in monkeys MNs F5 brocas area, respond to transitive actions only - ?

A

multi-modal

121
Q

body and movement:

if motor neurons are used for social cognition, those with difficulties in social cognition show _____ MN activation.

A

reduced

122
Q

body and movement:

autistics show _____ MN response.

A

reduced

123
Q

body and movement:

No correlation of MN activation with individual differences in social cognition - who?

A

Silas et al 2010

124
Q

evolution and genetics:

biological beings evolve through time (origin and development of an individual)?

A

ontogenetically

125
Q

evolution and genetics:

evolutionary history of a kind of organism?

A

phylogenetically

126
Q

evolution and genetics:

DNA doesnt perform the activities that allow us to function and keep us alive. what does?

A

proteins

127
Q

evolution and genetics:

function of proteins?

A

carry oxygen around our blood, digest food into nutrients, power of our brains, contract muscles, make up our cells.

128
Q

evolution and genetics:

DNA carries information on how to make _____

A

proteins

129
Q

evolution and genetics:

our codes for life?

A

DNA

130
Q

evolution and genetics:

to code for information to make proteins which make up humans?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA

131
Q

evolution and genetics:

DNA contains symbols called ____?

A

nucleotide bases

132
Q

evolution and genetics:

what is the base pairs and base pairing principle?

A

A - adenine
T - Thymine
G - Guanine
C - cytosine

base pairing - A+T, G+C

133
Q

evolution and genetics:

information held is DNA is known as ____ ____.

A

genetic code

134
Q

evolution and genetics:

how a gene is expressed or not, how a protein is made or not?

A

gene regulation

135
Q

evolution and genetics:

genes that have different forms, whose differences causes differences in traits or the phenotype?

A

heredity

136
Q

evolution and genetics:

alleles and an individual complement of alleles is their genotype?

A

alternative forms of genes

137
Q

evolution and genetics:

extent to which differences in genotype account for individual differences in phenotype?

A

behavioural genetics

138
Q

evolution and genetics:

how much diversity of any given trait in a population is due to genetic differences in that population - adresses relationship between genetics and enviroment on any given trait?

A

heritability

139
Q

evolution and genetics:

twins share 100% of DNA - any difference = enviromental factor.

twins share 50% of DNA

A

monozygotic (MZ)

dizygotic (DZ)

140
Q

evolution and genetics:

9,475 twin pairs - occurance of stroke assesed by questionaire.
results?

A
  1. 7% MZ twins both had stroke
  2. 6% of DZ twins both had stroke.

5x increase liklihoof if identical

141
Q

evolution and genetics:

hertiable changes to expression of genes can occur?

A

epigenetic changes

142
Q

evolution and genetics:

dutch hunger winter results for malnourished near conception and malnourshed near birth?

A

1) normal weight of child at birth - obesity, grandchildren = higher rates of obesity.
2) children stayed small - grandchildren = low weight.

143
Q

evolution and genetics:

change overtime in number of specific herited traits = evolution. what are the two distinct processes that cause evolution?

A

natural selection

mutation

144
Q

evolution and genetics:

_____ is an inherited and developing charcteristic that came into existance as a feature of a species through natural selection - faciliating reporduction in evolution - Buss et al (1988) - what?

A

adaption

145
Q

evolution and genetics:

adaptive explanations:

1) _________ the traits at hand should represent a good design for the propsed function.
2) _______ in enviroments remsembling the ancestral one, an individual lacking in the trait at hand is disadvantaged.

A

reverse engineering/functional design

adaptive advantage

146
Q

evolution and genetics:

the trait should be evoked under certain apropriate conditions?

A

appropriate evocation

147
Q

evolution and genetics:

depression is prevalent ___% general population risk and hertiable __% risk of first degree relative.

A

3%

9%

148
Q

evolution and genetics:

is depression adaptive?:

depression evolved as a context evoked variety of psychological changes that enhances fitness - watson and anderson 2002?

energy is taken away from everyday tasks and refocused on problem at hand?

depression is signal invovled in extorting investment from social partners?

A

social navigation hypothesis

social rumination is facilitated

social motivation is facilitated

149
Q

evolution and genetics:

what does Nettle 2007 argue about depression? 3 points

A

depression is not adaptive.

pain is universal and acute but clinical depression is not.

depression is hertiable and maladaptive.

150
Q

evolution and genetics:

the pathogen host defense (pathos-d) hypothesis - raison and miller 2012?

A

depression risk genes associated with immume responses to infection that ehance survival in ancestral enviroment.

151
Q

evolution and genetics:

pathos-d - depressive symptoms?

A

hypothermia
withdrawal behaviour
hypervigilance
anorexia

152
Q

evolution and genetics:

the physiological processes they promote can be understood as reflecting a summation of most sucessful pathogens?

A

depressogenic alleles

153
Q

evolution and genetics:

chromosomes pairs ___ - ____ = _____.

A

1
22
autosomes

154
Q

evolution and genetics:

23rd pair of chromosome = ?

female __?
male __?

A

sex chromosomes

female XX
male XY

155
Q

evolution and genetics:

chromsomes matched pairs, cells = 2 copies of every gene inherited from both parents are called?

A

alleles

156
Q

evolution and genetics:

full set of all genes that an organism possesses?

appearance of an organism that results from interaction of genes with one another and enviroment?

A

genotype

phenotype

Psychology (3 decks)

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