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Orthodontics > MCQ exam > Flashcards

MCQ exam Flashcards

1
Q

4 common orthodontic problems

A

Crowding
Prominent upper teeth
Missing teeth
Extra teeth

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2
Q

What is malocclusion

A

An appreciable deviation from the ideal occlusion that may be considered aesthetically or functionally unsatisfactory

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3
Q

3 malrelationships of the arches

A

Anteroposterior
Vertical
Transverse

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4
Q

What is an anteroposterior arch malrelationship

A

The mandible is more or less protrusive than the maxilla

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5
Q

Describe a vertical arch malrelationship

A

The lower part of the face is too short or too long

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6
Q

Describe a transverse arch malrelationship

A

The face is asymmetrical when viewed from the front

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7
Q

3 common classifications of malocclusion

A

Incisor classification
Skeletal classification
Angle`s classification

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8
Q

Equation for calculating crowding

A

Crowding = Total tooth size - Total arch length

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9
Q

3 severities of crowding

A

Mild < 3mm
Moderate 4-5 mm
Severe > 6mm

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10
Q

Describe overjet and what is considered normal

A

Horizontal relationship between the upper and lower incisors
Normal: 2 - 4 mm

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11
Q

Describe overbite and what is considered normal

A

Vertical overlap of the upper anterior teeth over the lower
Normal: 3-4 mm

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12
Q

Describe class I incisors

A

Lower incisor occludes with or lies directly below the upper incisor cingulum

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13
Q

Describe class II division 1 incisors

A

Upper incisors are proclined, lower incisor edges are palatal to the cingulum plateau of the upper incisors

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14
Q

Describe class II division 2 incisors

A

Upper incisors are retroclined and lower incisor edges are palatal to the cingulum plateau of the upper incisors

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15
Q

Describe class III incisors

A

Lower incisor edges lie anterior to the cingulum plateau of the upper incisors

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16
Q

Describe skeletal class I

A

ANB 2 - 4 degrees: balanced facial profile

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17
Q

Describe skeletal class II

A

ANB > 4 degrees: profile shows relative mandibular retrusion

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18
Q

Describe skeletal class III

A

ANB < 2 degrees: profile shows relative mandibular prominence

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19
Q

Describe Angle’s class I

A

Mesiobuccal cusp of the upper first molar occludes with the anterior buccal groove of the lower first molar

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20
Q

Describe Angle’s class II

A

The upper arch is at least half a cusp`s width anterior to Class I

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21
Q

Describe Angle’s class III

A

The upper arch is at least half a cusp`s width posterior to Class I

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22
Q

Describe the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN)

A

Used to describe need for treatment with an aesthetic and dental health component

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23
Q

Describe the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR)

A

Used for assessing the quality of treatment outcome

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24
Q

4 common congenitally absent teeth

A

­Mandibular central incisor
Mandibular 2nd premolar
Maxillary lateral incisor
­Maxillary 2nd premolar

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25
Q

4 types of supernumerary teeth

A

Supplemental
Conical
Tuberculate
Odontomes

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26
Q

2 differences of permanent incisors compared with primary

A

Larger (Mx 7 mm, Md 5 mm)
Greater proclination (10-15 degrees)

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27
Q

3 types of orthodontic appliances

A

Removable appliances
Fixed appliances
Functional appliances

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28
Q

3 types of removable appliances

A

Upper removable appliances
­Lower removable appliances
Retainers

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29
Q

What is a removable appliance

A

Orthodontic devices which can be taken out of the mouth by the patient for cleaning

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30
Q

5 removable appliance actions

A

Tipping
Overbite reduction
Crossbite correction
Extrusion
Intrusion

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31
Q

5 advantages of removable appliances

A

Simple to use
Less chairside time
Reduced risk of decalcification
Simple to add pontic teeth
Well accepted by patients

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32
Q

4 disadvantages of removable appliances

A

Limited range of tooth movements
Require more laboratory time than fixed appliances, therefore expensive
Lower removable appliances are uncomfortable
They`re removable

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33
Q

3 components of removable appliances

A

Active component
Retentive components
Baseplate

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34
Q

6 removable appliances

A

Anterior / posterior biteplanes

URA - midline expansion screw

Palatal springs

Palatal finger spring

Robert’s retractor

Buccal canine retractor

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35
Q

What is a fixed appliance

A

Devices that are attached to the teeth, cannot be removed by the patient and are capable of causing tooth movement

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36
Q

Forces required for bodily movements

A

50 – 120g

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37
Q

Forces required for torquing movements

A

50 – 100g

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38
Q

Forces required for rotational movements

A

35 – 60g

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39
Q

Forces required for extrusion movements

A

35 – 60g

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40
Q

Forces required for tipping movements

A

25 – 60g

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41
Q

Forces required for intrusion movements

A

10 – 20g

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42
Q

3 advantages of fixed appliances

A

All types tooth movement possible including bodily movement
Groups of teeth can be moved
Detailed movement possible

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43
Q

6 stages of treatment for straight-wire appliance

A
  1. Anchorage management
  2. Levelling and alignment
  3. Overbite correction
  4. Overjet correction
  5. Space closure
  6. Finishing and detailing
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44
Q

6 risks of orthodontic treatment

A

Recession
Root resorption
Pulpal damage
Periodontal ligament damage
Decalcification
Discomfort

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45
Q

5 reasons for orthodontic extractions

A

Relieve crowding
Reduce an increased overjet
Correct centrelines
Open space for missing teeth
Correct anterior open bite

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46
Q

What is orthodontic anchorage

A

The source of resistance to the reaction from the active components

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47
Q

What is anchorage loss

A

Extraction space closes due to forward movement of the anchor teeth rather than those teeth that we wish to move

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48
Q

4 means of providing anchorage

A

Other teeth
Baseplate on removable appliances
Orthodontic mini-implants
Extra-oral aplliances

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49
Q

2 ways of reducing the demands on the anchorage
­

A

Reducing the number of teeth being moved
Limiting the force from the active components to the optimum level for tooth movement (25-50g)

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50
Q

Most common orthodontic extractions in upper and lower arches

A

Upper arch: 1st premolars, 2nd premolars
Lower arch: 2nd premolars, 1st premolars

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51
Q

6 ideal properties of a retainer

A

Keep each tooth in its new position
Strong enough
Good aesthetics
Facilitate plaque control
Allow settling to occur
Be removable for eating, cleaning

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52
Q

What is a functional appliance

A

Appliance that alters the posture of the mandible commonly in the management of Class II malocclusion

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53
Q

5 components of fixed appliances

A

Brackets
Bands / bonded buccal tubes
Archwires
Ligatures
Auxiliaries

54
Q

Optimum range of force for producing tooth movement in a single rooted tooth

A

25-50g

55
Q

5 orthodontic radiographs

A

Orthopantomogram (OPT)
Occlusal radiographs
Periapical radiographs
Bitewing radiographs
Cephalometric lateral skull radiographs

56
Q

4 indications for cephalometric radiography

A

Descriptive
Treatment planning
Monitoring treatment progress and growth
Growth prediction

57
Q

Describe the bioelectric theory of tooth movement

A

Tooth movements occurs as a result of piezoelectricity and bioelectric potentials

58
Q

Describe the pressure-tension theory of tooth movement

A

Tooth movements occurs as a result of cellular changes and chemical messengers

59
Q

What does the action of rank ligand result in

A

Activation of osteoclasts leading to bone destruction

60
Q

What does the action of osteoprotegerin result in

A

Inhibits rank ligand from activating osteoclasts leading to reduction in bone destruction

61
Q

Incidence of ectopic eruption of 1st molars

A

2-6%

62
Q

Incidence of hypodontia

A

4-6%

63
Q

Incidence of supernumerary teeth

A

1-2%

64
Q

Describe juvenile occlusal equilibration

A

After teeth have erupted into the occlusion they must continue to erupt at a slower pace to match vertical skeletal growth

65
Q

Describe adult occlusal equilibration

A

Once the adolescent growth spurt has passed the teeth continue to erupt to compensate for wear and the continued vertical skeletal growth

66
Q

3 advantages of Tip-edge appliance

A

Permits tooth tipping in early stages
Anchorage saving
Versatile

66
Q

4 advantages of straight-wire appliance

A

Reduced wire bending as preadjusted design
Use of sliding mechanics
Precision and finishing
Flexibility and biomechanics

67
Q

4 disadvantages of Tip-edge appliance

A

Narrow bracket with poor control
Requires intermaxillary elastics
Complex in stage 3
Based on extension philosophy

68
Q

4 disadvantages of straight-wire appliance

A

Friction
Anchorage demands
Adjustments still required for individual patients
Deceptive simplicity

69
Q

3 process involved in maxillary growth

A

Primary and secondary displacement
Intermembranous ossification
Surface remodelling

70
Q

2 process involved in mandibular growth

A

Endochondral growth in the condylar region Intramembraneous growth at other growth sites

71
Q

Predominant trend of growth in mandible and maxilla

A

Posterior and superior, which displaces the mandible/maxilla downward and forward

72
Q

When does symphyseal suture close

A

During 1st year

73
Q

2 components of orthodontic treatment need

A

Normative need
Subjective need

74
Q

5 indications for Hawley retainers

A

To carry pontic teeth (in hypodontia cases)
To allow settling
To maintain transverse dimensions
To carry a biteplane
Can allow for tooth eruption

75
Q

2 indications for vacuum formed retainers

A

To retain all types of irregularity
As an adjunct to a fixed retainer

76
Q

6 indications for fixed retainers

A

Median diastema
Adults
Cleft patients
Missing laterals / centrals
Mandibular incisor extraction cases
Severe rotations

77
Q

2 contraindications for fixed retainers

A

Poor plaque control
Occlusion deep bite

78
Q

4 risks/problems of fixed retainers

A

Decalcification
Unwanted tooth movements
Only retain anterior segments
Hinder interdental cleaning

79
Q

Prevalence of Class I incisors

A

50%

80
Q

Prevalence of Class II Div 1 incisors

A

35-40%

81
Q

Prevalence of Class II Div 1 incisors

A

10%

82
Q

Prevalence of Class III incisors

A

3-5%

83
Q

4 ways to create space

A

Extractions
Interproximal enamel reduction
Arch expansion
Distalisation of teeth

84
Q

6 areas of discussion after fitting an appliance

A

Oral hygiene instruction
Diet advice
Discomfort
Sports
Speech
What to do if something goes wrong

85
Q

How long does it take for periodontal ligament fibres to remodel?

A

3-4 months

86
Q

How long does it take for gingival fibres (collagen) to remodel?

A

4-6 months

87
Q

How long does it take for elastic supracrestal fibres to remodel?

A

1 year

88
Q

Sequence of arch wires

A

Initial alignment: NiTi
Intermediate archwire: CuNiTi
Working archwire: SS

89
Q

Which teeth have the strongest anchorage value and why

A

Molars as they have the greatest root surface area

90
Q

6 reasons why extraction pattern may be asymmetrical

A

Centreline correction
More space needed on one side
Supernumeraries
Caries / heavily restored tooth
More crowding in one quadrant
Anchorage situation more challenging on one side

91
Q

Two types of power chain and where are the most commonly used

A

Open: upper jaw
Closed: lower jaw

92
Q

3 types of clasps

A

Adams clasp
Southend and Half-Jackson
Ball ended clasps

93
Q

5 reasons to treat orthodontic problems

A

Psychosocial benefits
Improves dentofacial aesthetics
Dental health (trauma, OH, periodontal health) benefits
Functional (TMJ, speech, eating) benefits
To facilitate restorative treatment

94
Q

Sequence of eruption of primary teeth

A

A B D C E

95
Q

5 ways to minimise relapse

A

Avoid enlargement of lower arch
Do not alter A-P position of lower incisor teeth
Achieve good incisor relationship at end of treatment
Maximise buccal interdigitation
Consider active retention for severe Class II cases

96
Q

Use of an anterior biteplane

A

Correction of deep over bite

97
Q

Uses of a posterior biteplane

A

Correction of anterior open bite
Proclination of lingually placed upper incisors

98
Q

Use of a mid-line expansion appliance

A

Correction of a crossbite

99
Q

Use of a palatal finger spring

A

Proclination of a single upper incisor

100
Q

Use of a palatal finger spring retractor

A

Retracting canines or premolars

101
Q

Use of a Robert’s retractor

A

Retracting incisors in class II division 1

102
Q

Use of a buccal canine retractor

A

Retract canines to reduce crowding or overjet

103
Q

Spring diameter used buccal canine retractor

A

0.7mm

104
Q

Labial bow diameter used in Robert’s retractor

A

0.5mm - supported by stainless steel tube

105
Q

Spring diameter used palatal finger spring

A

0.5mm

106
Q

Teeth to clasp for anterior biteplane

A

6’s (sometimes 4’s)

107
Q

Teeth to clasp for midline expansion appliance

A

6 ‘s and 4’s

108
Q

Teeth to clasp for palatal spring

A

6’s and 4’s

109
Q

Teeth to clasp for palatal finger spring retractor

A

6 ‘s

110
Q

Teeth to clasp for Robert’s retractor

A

6’s

111
Q

Teeth to clasp for buccal canine retractor

A

6’s

112
Q

Which teeth are Southend & Half-Jackson clasps placed on

A

Incisors

113
Q

Which teeth are Adams clasps placed on

A

Premolars and molars

114
Q

Material and diameter of an Adams Clasp

A

0.7mm stainless steel

115
Q

3 active components of removable appliances

A

Springs
Labial bows
Elastics

116
Q

Movement per month from removable appliance springs

A

1mm

117
Q

Describe activation of palatal finger spring

A

By 2-3 mm

118
Q

Describe activation of palatal finger spring retractor

A

By 1/2 width of the canine or premolar

119
Q

Describe activation of Robert’s retractor

A

By pressing the vertical leg towards the tubing

120
Q

Describe the activation of buccal canine retractor

A

By 1/3 width of the canine

121
Q

How much space does extraction of upper 1st premolars provide

A

7mm space per side

122
Q

How much space does extraction of upper 2nd premolars provide

A

3 mm space per side

123
Q

How long is retention required before reorganisation

A

Minimum I year

124
Q

Describe the standard retention protocol

A

0-3 months full-time
9-12 months part-time
Life time wear

125
Q

3 pieces of information from a cephalogram

A

Relationship of maxilla and mandible to cranial base
Relationship of the teeth to the jaws
Relationship of the maxillary to the mandibular teeth

126
Q

How is maxillary skeletal base position described

A

SNA 82° ± 3°

127
Q

How is mandibular skeletal base position described

A

SNB 79° ± 3°

128
Q

How is the relative relation of the maxilla to the mandible described

A

ANB 3° ± 2°

129
Q

How is the inclination of the upper incisors to the maxillary plane described

A

109° ± 5°

130
Q

How is the inclination of the lower incisors to the mandibular plane described

A

93° ± 5°

131
Q

Describe crossbite

A

Maxillary teeth sit lingual to the mandibular teeth

Orthodontics (1 decks)

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