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Stage 2 Medicine > MDSA20210 Molecules in Medicine > Flashcards

MDSA20210 Molecules in Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

proteins that act as biological catalysts in order to help speed up metabolism

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2
Q

What are catalysts?

A

substances that accelerates a chemical reaction without being consumed

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3
Q

What are some key properties of enzymes?

A

turnover number and substrate specificity

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4
Q

What does the turnover number of enzymes refer to?

A

the maximal number of substrate molecules converted to product by one enzyme molecule per second.

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5
Q

What does enzyme specificity refer to?

A

that each reaction requires its own enzyme

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6
Q

What do some enzymes sometimes require in order to catalyze reactions?

A

a cofactor

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7
Q

What are some examples of cofactors?

A

metals such as iron and coenzymes

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8
Q

What is the enzyme-substrate complex?

A

the noncovalent bond between a substrate and the active site on the surface of the enzyme

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9
Q

What determines enzyme specificity?

A

this is determined by the geometry of enzyme-substrate binding

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10
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

they lower the activation energy of the reaction so more particles have sufficient energy to react

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11
Q

What is the sequence of an enzymatic reaction?

A

substrate approaches the enzyme, enzyme + substrate, enzyme + product, enzyme releases the product

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12
Q

What are the six main classes of enzymes?

A

oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases

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13
Q

What type of reaction do oxidoreductase enzymes catalyze?

A

the transfer of electrions

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14
Q

What type of reaction do transferase enzymes catalyze?

A

the group transfer of electrons

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15
Q

What type of reaction do hydrolase enzymes catalyze?

A

hydrolysis reactions and the transfer of functional groups to water

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16
Q

What type of reaction do lyase enzymes catalyze?

A

the addition of groups to double bonds or the formation of double bonds by the removal of groups

17
Q

What type of reaction do isomerase enzymes catalyze?

A

the transfer of groups to yield isomers

18
Q

What type of reaction do ligase enzymes catalyze?

A

the formation of CC, CS, CO and CN bonds by condensation reactions

19
Q

What are the three components of nucleotides?

A

nitrogenous bases, ribose or deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group

20
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are purines?

A

adenine and guanine

21
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

A

cytosine, thymine and uracil

22
Q

What is the difference between thymine and uracil

A

uracil replaces thymine in RNA, and has no CH3 group on the end of the compounds

23
Q

What bonds are present that hold together double stranded DNA?

A

hydrogen bonds

24
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are present between adenine and thymine?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

25
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are present between cytosine and guanine?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

26
Q

What bond is created between a 3’ OH and a 5’ phosphate that creates a chain of nucleotides?

A

a phosphodiester bond

27
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

to synthesize proteins and regulate gene expression in cells

28
Q

What are some key differences between DNA and RNA

A

RNA contains ribose, DNA contains deoxyribose, thymine/uracil switch, double-stranded vs single stranded

29
Q

How are proteins synthesized?

A

transcription and translation

30
Q

When is DNA replicated?

A

during mitosis

31
Q

Is DNA replication conservative or semiconservative

A

semiconservative

32
Q

How are the leading and lagging strands synthesized differently?

A

the leading strand is synthesized continuously by DNA polymerase while the lagging strand is synthesized in Okazaki fragments

33
Q

How are Okazaki fragments joined together?

A

DNA ligase

34
Q

How does the double stranded helical DNA unwind?

A

DNA unwinds the supercoil, helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases and single stranded binding proteins prevent the snapping back together of the strands

35
Q

How does transcription begin?

A

RNA polymerase reads a promoter sequence and binds to the antisense strand

36
Q

What are the post-transcriptional modifications that take place to form mRNA?

A

adding a methyl cap, a poly-A tail and splicing (removal of introns)

Stage 2 Medicine (4 decks)

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