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PHYSIOLOGY > ME02 - Autonomic Physiology > Flashcards

ME02 - Autonomic Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What composes the reflex arc?

A

afferent limb
integrating center
efferent limb

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2
Q

What are autonomic pathways?

A

Used by afferent fibers from visceral structures to reach CNS

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3
Q

Where are visceral afferents found?

A

CNS 7,8,9,10
Thoracic and Lumbar Dorsal Roots
Sacral Roots

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4
Q

Most organs are parasympathetically innervated, except for

A

Sweat glands

Blood Vessels

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5
Q 
Somatic                         Autonomic
Pathway
Neurons
Innervation
of effector
NTs
Effect of NTs
Location
Location of NT
synthesis and 
storage
Postsynaptic
receptors
A

Somatic Autonomic
Pathway Single-neuron Two-neuron
Neurons Alpha motor Preganglionic, Postganglionic
Effector Skeletal muscle Visceral Structures
Innervation Skeletal muscle Visceral effector cells
of effector innervated by a single maybe innervated by many
motor neuron postganglionic neurons

NTs ACh only ACh and NE
Effect of NTs Leads to contraction Inhibitory/Exhibitory
Location NMJ Motor end plate NEJ Target Organ
Location of NT Synthesized and Synthesized and stored in
synthesis and stored in axon beads/varicosities that line
storage terminals branching networks of
postganglionic neurons
Postsynaptic Nicotinic receptor Widely distributed on target
receptors at motor end plate issues; no specialized region

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6
Q 
On Autonomic
                                                    SNS                       PNS
Origin/Roots of fiber       
Location of ganglia         
Length of fiber  
        Preganglionic                 
        Postganglionic
A

SNS PNS
Origin/Roots of fiber Thoracolumbar Craniosacral
Location of ganglia Paravertebral Near the target organ
Length of fiber
Preganglionic Short Long
Postganglionic Long Short

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7
Q

On Neurotransmitter
SNS PNS
Preganglionic
Postganglionic

A

On Neurotransmitter
SNS PNS
Preganglionic ACh ACh
Postganglionic NE,Epi, Dopamine ACh

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8
Q

On Receptors
SNS PNS
Ganglionic
Target Organ

A

SNS PNS
Ganglionic Nn (Nicotinic neural) Nn
Target Organ alpha, beta Dopamine M, N

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9
Q

On Response
SNS PNS
General response
Specific

A

SNS PNS
General response Fight, Flight, Fright Rest and Digest
Specific

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10
Q

Part of the nervous system responsible for HOMEOSTASIS
Regulatory in function especially in visceral organs
Essentially motor

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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11
Q

Without ANS, survival is possible?

A

True, nut the ability to adapt to stressors from the environment will be severely compromised

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12
Q

What are the striking characteristics of ANS?

A

Rapidity and Intensity with which it can change visceral functions

Example: Increase HR 2x within 3-5 sec
Cause seating within secs

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13
Q

ANS is classified based on

A

Anatomical Differences
Functional Differences
Biochemical Differences
Pharmacologic Differences

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14
Q

[ANATOMIC DIFFERENCES]

A

Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS
Enteric NS/Intramural Nerve Plexus or GIT

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15
Q

[NEUROCHEMICAL DIFFERENCES]
Adrenergic
Cholinergic
Non-Adrenergic, Non Cholinergic

A

Adrenergic alpha, beta Dopamine | Sympathetic NS
Cholinergic ACh | Parasympathetic NS
Non-Adrenergic, Non Cholinergic Substance P
– Uses NO as NT rather than ACh, regulation of smooth muscle contraction and potent vasodilator

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16
Q

Considered as the “mini-brain” because it contains all elements of Nervous System
Can function autonomously

A

Enteric Nervous System

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17
Q

Enteric Nervous System can function autonomously but normal GI funciton often requires communication between the CNS and the ENS

A

True

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18
Q

ENS is just confined within GIT walls

A

True

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19
Q

What are the two divisions of ENS

A

Myenteric/Auerbach’s Plexus

Meissner’s/Submucosal Plexus

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20
Q

Larger Division of the ANS where it prepares the individual to cope with “emergency”
Ensures that the body can respond appropriately to a stressful or emergency situation
“FIGHT OR FLIGHT”

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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21
Q

Explain response of SNS in
Mydriasis
Increased ABP
Vasoconstriction

A

There is increase skeletal muscle strength and Increased ventilation

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22
Q

Explain Response of SNS in

lowering threshold in the reticular formation

A

Reticular formation pertains to the “wakefulness”

so it decrease the threshold to PREPARE for stressful situation

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23
Q

Explain the response of SNS in
Decreased GIT Activity
Elevation of plasma glucose and fatty acid lvels
Increase in Mental Activity

A

There is metabolic effect on the liver:
Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenolysis
Get glucose from new sourcesm fats for stressful situation
There is Tendency to be hyperglycemic
There is redistribution of blood from skin and splanchnic regions towards skeletal muscle
Prepare self for emergency situation

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24
Q

A neuroendocrine organ

A

Adrenal Medulla

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25
Q

Reasons why Adrenal Medulla is considered to be a PART OF THE ANS

A

Nerve supply to AM is anatomically and biochemically IDENTICAL to the autonomic preganglionic nerve fibers

Adrenomedullary cells are embryologically, anatomically and functionally identical to postganglionic autonomic nerve fibers

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26
Q

2 reasons why Adrenal Medulla is considered as COMPONENT OF SNS AND NOT PNS

A

Origin of nerve supply is THORACOLUMBAR

Adrenomedullary cells secrete catecholamines -EPI and NorEPI

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27
Q

Outflows of SNS and PNS

A

SNS - Thoracolumbar outflow

PNS - Craniosacral Outflow

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28
Q

Dominates in Quite, Relaxed situation

Tends to conserve energy and restore body’s resources (anabolic)

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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29
Q

Cranial Nerves involved in the PNS

A

CN 3,7 and 9 - visceral structures in the head
CN 10 - structures in the thorax and upper abdomen
Pelvic branch of 2nd-4th spinal nerves - pelvic structures

30
Q

[Anatomical/Structural Differences of the ANS]
SNS PNS
Origin of preganglion neuron
Location of peripheral ganglia
Length of preganglionic fiber
Length of postganglionic fiber
Degree of branching of pregang.

A

SNS PNS
Origin of preganglion neuron thoracolumbar craniosacral
Location of peripheral ganglia paravertebral target organ
Length of preganglionic fiber short long
Length of postganglionic fiber long short
Degree of branching of pregang. more branching less branching

31
Q 
[FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES OF SNS AND PNS]
                                              SNS                     PNS
Nature of activity
Energy utilization
Response
Range of Effect
Fiber connections
Branching of pregang
NTs involved
Duration of response
A

SNS PNS
Nature of activity fight or flight rest or digest
Energy utilization catabolic anabolic
Response emergency & stress digestion & absorption
Range of Effect widespread region localized to single organ
Fiber connections divergent 1:20 1:1 or 1:2
Branching of pregang extensive limited
NTs involved ACh all over No ACh in circulation
Duration of response sustained short duration

32
Q

ANS principle of Dual Innervation

A

Exert opposite effects but operate reciprocally to produce coordinated responses
2 divisions can also act in a synergistic manner

33
Q

Examples of dual innervations in the ANS

A

SNS PNS
(EYES) radial muscle of iris circular muscle of iris
(PENIS) ejaculation erection

34
Q

Single innervation in ANS

A

Sympathetic - Sweat glands, Adrenal glands, Most blood vessels, Pilomotor muscle

Parasympathetic - Lacrimal muscle (tear glands)
- Ciliary muscle (accomodation for near vision)

35
Q

Sweat gland component

A

Receptor: Eccrine glands
NTs: ACh
Receptor: Muscarinic

36
Q

Neurohormonal Transmission

Steps involved in Transmission of Impulses across Synapse

A
  1. Synthesis and storage of transmitter substance at axon terminal
  2. release of transmitter substance into synaptic cleft
  3. Binding of transmitter and receptors
  4. Dissipation of transmitter substance
37
Q

Synthesis and Storage of ACh

A
  • Cytoplasm of axon terminal by acetylation
  • Stored as clear round vesicles
    Choline (from ECF) enters axon terminal by active transport
    acetyl CoA and ATP
38
Q

In Synthesis of ACh, enzyme that is synthesized in the soma and brought to the axon by axoplasmic transport

A

Choline acetyltransferase

39
Q

Synthesis and Storage for NorEpi

A

From AA Phenylalanine and Tyrosine
Requires cortisol from adrenal cortex
In adrenal medulla,
PNMT - catalyzes the conversion of NorEPI to EPI

40
Q

[Binding of Neurotransmitter to Receptor]

T-R complex increase in conductance

A
  • > to all ions (Na, K, Cl) - Depolarization occurs | EPSP

- > to small ions (K and Cl) - Hyperpolarization | IPSP no AP

41
Q

Dissipation/Destruction/Deactivation of Neurotransmitter

A

ACh - enzymatic destruciton via acetylcholinesterase
NorEPI - active reuptake by prejunctional fiber diffusion into EC
COMT - if NE is still in synaptic cleft
MAO - if NE is in axoplasm of Preganglionic fiber

42
Q

[Divisions of ANS based on BIOCHEMICAL DIFFERENCES]

A

Cholinergic nerves
Adrenergic nerves
NANC

43
Q

Peptides released by PNS of GIT which are co-released with ACh innervation to sweat glands

A

Substance P
VIP - Vasoactive intersyinal peptide
CGRP - Calcitonin-gene related peptide

44
Q

Autonomic Receptors
Location:
MOA:

A

Location: Cell bodies of Postganglionic Neurons
MOA: When NT binds with receptor _> conformational change&raquo_space; cell either activated or inhibited

45
Q

How do NTs work?

A

Altering 2nd messenger enzymes
Autonomic receptors are coupled with GTP-binding proteins

Gproteins activate cAMP, IP3 and DAG
2nd messenger amplifies and executes action

46
Q

Affinity for nicotine (small amounts)

Excess acts as “blocking agent” by persistent depolarization

A

NICOTINIC RECEPTOR
Sites: MEP, all autonomic ganglia, chromaffin cells of AM
Types: N1 and N2
MOA: Direct-ligand gated ion channel

47
Q

Differences between Nicotinic receptors in MEP and autonomic ganglia

A

Both activated by ACh, nicotine and carbachol

Antagonized by curare

48
Q

Blocks N2 receptors but not N1
Produces vasodilation
Can be used as treatment for hypertension

A

Hexamethonium

49
Q

Nicotinic Receptors’ Blocking Agents

A

(Autonomic Ganglia) TEA-tetraethylammonium and Hexamethonium

(MEP) Curare and Succinylcholine

50
Q

Affinity for muscarine

A 
MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS
Sites: Effector cells activated by PS
MOA: GPCR Indirect ligand-gated type
GPCR acts directly on ion channel without mediation of 2nd messenger
Blocking agent: Atropine
51
Q 
Types of Muscarinic Receptor
            Location           Mechanism             Major Function
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
A

Gq-coupled - INC IP3, DAG
M1 - Gastric acid secretion | Nerve ending|
M3 - Smooth muscle airway, INC Ca | Effector cells, smooth glands

Gi-coupled - DEC IP3, DAG
M2 - Bind agonist to M2 inhibit adenylcyclase | HEART, Smooth muscle in intestine, trachea, gallbladder

Na-K ion channel - Depolarize, evokes ACTION POTENTIAL
Nn - ANS Ganglia
Nm - NM end plate

M4 - Pancreatic acinar cells and islet tissue
M5 - Sphincter muscle of iris, esophagus, parotid gland, cerebral blood vessel

52
Q

Indirect ligand G protein linked type

A

Adrenocreceptors

53
Q

TYPES OF ADRENORECEPTORS

A

Gq - INC IP3, DAG&raquo_space; INC Ca, contraction, secretion,
alpha 1(smooth muscle and glands, ribs, BV, sphincter, bladder)
MOA: Activate phospholipase C

Gi - DEC cAMP&raquo_space; DEC transmitter release of NE, relaxation
alpha 2 (nerve ending, GIT walls)
MOA: inhibit adenylyl cyclase > decrease CAMP

Gs - INC cAMP
beta 1 (heart, salivary glands, adipose tissue, kidney)
MOA: Activation of adenylyl cyclase» Inc HR, Rennin Release

beta 2 (Smooth ms of Airways, Liver, Lungs, BV skeletal muscles)
 MOA: Relax bronchial smooth ms. Inc glycogenolysis, HR
beta 3 (Lipocytes, brown adipose tissue)
 MOA: Thermogenesis, Lipolysis
delta 1 (smooth muscle)
 MOA: Relax renal BV
54
Q

Antagonists present

A

Alpha 1 - Pazosin | Blood vessels | Vasoconstriction

Alpha 2 - Yohimbine | Presynaptic neuron | Vasodilation

55
Q

GPCR with adrenoreceptor and cholinoceptor

A

Gq - Alpha 1, M1, M3
Gi - Alpha 2, M2
Gs - Beta 1, Beta 2,

56
Q

NANC

A

Neuropeptide Y - co released with NE
VIP - vasoactive intestinal peptide
GRP - calcitonin gene related peptide
NO - vasodilation

57
Q

Sensitivities to E and NE

A

Alpha 1 - E= or >NE | isoproterenol ineffective
Alpha 2 - NE>E | isoproterenol ineffective
Beta 1 - Isoproterenol > E and NE I E=NE
Isoproterenol exerts more effect on cardiac muscles
Beta 2 E> isopreterenol > NE

58
Q

AUTONOMIC DRUGS

A

ParasympaTHOMIMETIC - potentiate cholinergic effects
ParasympaTHOLYTIC - block cholinergic effects
Sympa THOMIMETIC - potentiate adrenergic effects
SympaTHOLYTIC - block adrenergic effects

59
Q

Drug that binds receptors for NT and promotes process stimulated by that NT

A

Agonist

60
Q

Drug that blocks NT

A

Antagonist

61
Q

Examples of ParasympaTHOMIMETIC

A

Pilocarpine - interact w muscarinic imitating Ach
Nicotine - interact w nicotinic that interact with ACh
Neostigmine - inhibit acetylcholinesterase

62
Q

Examples of ParasympaTHOLYTIC

A

Hemicholine - inhibit uptake of choline from blood to axon
Botulinum Toxin - inhibit ACh release
Atropine, Homatropine, Scopolamine - competes with ACh sites (muscarinic)
Hexamethonium - ganglionic blocking agents
Curare, Succinylcholine - Neuromuscular blockers

63
Q

Examples of SympaTHOMIMETIC

A

Methoxamine - Interact w alpha receptors
Salbutamol - interact w beta receptors
Ephedrine, Amphetamine - release of NE from storage vesicles
Cocaine - prevent uptake of NE

64
Q

Examples of SympaTHOLYTIC

A

Reserpine - inhibit diffusion of NE
Guanethedine - Block NE release
Ergot Alkaloids - Block effects of NE
Propanolol - Competes w NE at beta receptors

65
Q

Center for regulation of ANS

Head Ganglion

A

Hypothalamus
Sympathetic: Posterior center
Parasympathetic: Anterior center

66
Q

Regulates emotional and instinctual behavior
Feeding behavior
Expression of rage and anger
Control of sexual behavior

A

Limbic System

67
Q

Refinement of control over autonomic and somatic

A

Cerebral Cortex

68
Q

Centers for regulation of cardiovascular and respiratory center
Vasomotor center, swallowing , vommiting

A

Medulla Oblongata

69
Q

Pupillary responses to light

A

Midbrain

70
Q

Pathways involved in the Nervous System

A

Somatic NS - alpha motor neuron links CNS to skeletal muscles
Autonomic NS - autonomic neurons links CNS to visceral muscle

PHYSIOLOGY (13 decks)

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