Measuring Lung Effectiveness

Question 1

Pulmonary function tests of electrical spirometry.
What do they do?
Define Forced Vital Capacity
Define Forced Expiratory Volume
What is their ratio? What does it mean?

Answer 1

Measure of rate of air flow.

FEV1.0 – Quantity of air that can be forcefully expired in ONE SECOND beginning from TLC.

FVC – Quantity of air that can be forcefully expired beginning from TLC.

(FEV1.0/FVC)*100 – Indirect measure of rate of air flow through the ventilatory system.

Question 2

Define Obstructive pulmonary diseases.

Define Restrictive pulmonary diseases.

Answer 2

Obstructive–The residual volume often increases because an increase in resistance makes it more difficult not only to inspire, but also to expire. Lungs become overinflated. FRC and TLC are often increased. (Resistance is too great)

Restrictive–Often involve structural damage to the lungs, pleura, or chest wall that decreases the total lung capacity and vital capacity. (Too elastic)

Question 3

What is normal for Forced expiratory Volume and Forced vital Capacity tests?

Answer 3

FEC == 80% of FVC in 1 second.

FVC == 80% of predictive vital capacity.

Question 4

What dictates lung size? 3

Answer 4

height
gender–male > female chest
age–elasticity decreases as we age

Question 5

What is minute volume, symbol, equation.

Answer 5

Total amount of air that flows into and out of the ventilatory system in one minute. Ve
MV = Vt X Bf (breathing frequency)
(CO = SV X HR)

Question 6

Alveolar Ventilation (Va)
What is it?
How much of the ventilatory system is part of the conduction region? How much of the ventilation system is the alveoli?
How much air remains in the conduction region during inspiration?
What is the conduction region referred to as?

Answer 6

Amt of “Fresh” air in alveoli/minute.

30%, 70%

150 mL, 30%

Anatomical Dead Space (Vd)
(If tidal volume increases, Dead space volume doesn’t change)

Question 7

Formula for Alveolar Ventilation

Typical Va?

Answer 7

Va= Bf (Vt - Vd)
12 * (500-150)
4,200 mL/min

Question 8

Respiratory Gas Exchange

The cells of the Average adult human consume how much O2/min and gallons /day?

Answer 8

250 mlO2/min to build ATP.
90 gallons each day!
at rest. Determined by tissue demand.

Question 9

The cells of the average adult human produce how much CO2/min? How many gallons /day?

Answer 9

200 mLCO2/min

72 gallons/day

Question 10

What does O2 burn to create energy?

At rest, what is burned the most to create energy?

Answer 10

Carbohydrates and Lipids

Lipids.

Question 11

Respiratory Exchange Ratio
Define.
Formula

Answer 11

The ratio of CO2 produced due to O2 consumed during the process of mitochondrial respiration

RER = VCO2/VO2
(Volume CO2 produced/min)/(Volume O2 consumed/min)

Question 12

What is the RER of Carbohydrates?
Lipids?
What is the typical human respiratory exchange ratio range?
What is the typical RER at rest?

Answer 12

1.0
0.7
1.0>x>0.7
.8 on average

Question 13

What is the formula to determine the fuel source of cells (lipid or fat)?

Answer 13

%VO2fat = (1 - RER)/0.3

Question 14

If the RER is .78?
If the RER is .85?
If the RER is .93?
What is the fuel source % between Lipids and carbohydrates?

Answer 14

.78 = 73%lip, 27%cho
.85 = 5%lip, 5%cho
.93 = 23%lip, 77%cho

Question 15

When diffusing from alveolar tissue to the blood, what tissue is the O2 traveling through?

Answer 15

lipid bilayers of the alveolar basement membrane and capillary basement membrane.

Question 16

What % length of the capillary has blood passed through before fully exchanging O2 and CO2 in a healthy lung?

Answer 16

33%

Question 17

When blood passes through pulmonary capillaries, their oxygen partial pressure goes from what to what?

Answer 17

40 mmHg to 100 mmHg

Question 18

When blood passes through pulmonary capillaries, their CO2 partial pressure goes from what to what?

Answer 18

46 mmHg to 40 mmHg

Question 19

What is Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure?

Answer 19

The total pressure exerted by a gas mixture on a surface is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas in the mixture would individually exert.

Question 20

Partial Pressure.
What is the focus of partial pressure?

What does partial pressure depend on to get its formula?
What is its formula?

Answer 20

Pressure exerted by one gas in a mixture.

Partial Pressure (PP) depends on the total gas pressure (usually atmospheric pressure (AP)) and the percent of the total mixture contributed by the gas (%G)

PP = %G x AP

Question 21

Gasses Making Up Earth’s Atmosphere

What are the 3 gassess and their percentage?

Answer 21

Nitrogen = 79.04%

Oxygen = 20.93%

Carbone Dioxide = 0.03%

Question 22

What are the Sea Level Atmospheric Partial Pressures of the three gasses making up Earth’s atmosphere?

Answer 22

Pn2 = 760 * .7904 = 600 mmHg
Po2 = 760 * .2093 = 159 mmHg
Pco2 = 760 * .0003 = 0.3 mmHg

Question 23

What is Henry’s Law?

Answer 23

The quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid and its solubility coefficient.