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Medical Science Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 major functions does the human skeleton preform?

A

support
protection
production of blood cells
storage of minerals

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2
Q

How many bones are there in an adult human skeleton?

A

206

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3
Q

What are the roles of muscles?

A

pumping blood (the heart), locomotion, lifting and holding on to objects.

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4
Q

How are skeletal muscles connected to the bones of a skeleton?

A

by strong flexible tissue called tendons.

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5
Q

Muscles can only….

A

contract

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6
Q

Are the biceps attached above, or below, the elbow?

A

below

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7
Q

Muscles that act in pairs opposite of each other are called _____________ muscles.

A

antagonistic

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8
Q

What group of muscles are antagonistic to your quadriceps?

A

hamstrings

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9
Q

The human skeleton has many different types of joints. What are two examples of a ‘ball and socket’ joint?

A

Hip and shoulder.

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10
Q

What stops bones from rubbing together?______ and acts as a shock absorber?

A

Cartilage

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11
Q

What makes the friction further reduced by keeping the joint lubricated?

A

Synovial fluid (produced by the synovial membrane)

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12
Q

What holds joints together?

A

ligaments

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13
Q

What are the five main functions of blood?

A

1 It carries oxygen around your body.
2 It carries carbon dioxide produced in your body to your lungs.
3 It moves hormones from glands around your body.
4 It regulates your temperature by moving heat around your body.
5 It carries nutrients from your digestive system to your cells.

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14
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Transport oxygen.

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15
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Cause blood clots after cuts.

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16
Q

What does Plasma do?

A

Transports cells, carbon dioxide, nutrients and hormones.

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17
Q

What does white blood cells do?

A

Fight infection.

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18
Q

How is blood involved in keeping us warm?

A

It transfers heat produced by our muscles to other parts of our bodies.

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19
Q

Which gas is carried in the bloodstream to the lungs so that it can be expelled from our bodies?

A

Carbon Dioxide

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20
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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21
Q

What do arteries do?

A

carries blood away from your heart.
Most carry oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. There are however, arteries that carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
In order to handle the high blood pressure produced by the heart, arteries have thick, strong and muscular walls. The bore (central hole) is narrow compared to veins of the same external size.

22
Q

What do veins do?

A

Veins carry blood from the body to the heart. They usually carry deoxygenated blood. However, the veins from the lungs to the heart carry oxygenated blood.
They have thinner walls than similar sized arteries because the blood is at a much lower pressure. The bore (central hole) is much wider than similar sized arteries. Veins contain many valves which prevent blood flowing backwards.

23
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

In order to reach all the cells of your body, arteries join to very thin blood vessels called capillaries. Capillaries are around 5-10 millionths of a metre wide - so thin that red blood cells travel through them in single file. They have very thin walls to allow dissolved gases and nutrients to flow in and out of them. Capillaries join the arteries to the veins, creating a continuous circulation system from the heart, around the body and back to the heart.

24
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

between the lungs, behind the sternum

25
Q

It is about the same size, or slightly larger than your…

A

fist

26
Q

Where does the word pulmonary come from?

A

the Latin word pulmonem (meaning “of the lungs”).

27
Q

Describe the 5 stages of how blood gets around your heart

A

1
Deoxygenated blood enters the heart via the inferior vena cava (on the bottom)
and superior vena cava (on the top) into the right atrium.
2
From there, blood flows down into the right ventricle, before being pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
3
The pulmonary artery is the only artery in the body to carry deoxygenated blood (an artery is defined as a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart). The pulmonary artery divides in two shortly after leaving the heart, in order to deliver blood to the left and right lungs.
4
Upon reaching the lungs, the blood becomes oxygenated and returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins. The pulmonary veins enter into the left atrium. Blood flows from there to the left ventricle.
5
The left ventricle contracts and sends oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta.

28
Q

Which chamber of the heart pushes blood around the body?

A

Left Ventricle

29
Q

Which chamber of the heart pushes blood to the lungs?

A

Right Ventricle

30
Q

Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

A

Right Atrium

31
Q

Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

A

Left Atrium

32
Q

The ____, ______, _______and ______all work together to move blood around our bodies.

A

Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins.

33
Q

Why is it necessary to have a circulatory system?

A

To move nutrients, hormones and oxygen around the body, and to remove waste products.

34
Q

Which organ provides the pressure that drives circulation?

A

Heart

35
Q

What role do the kidneys have in the circulatory system?

A

Remove waste products and excess water to make urine.

36
Q

Which organ(s) is involved with gas exchange?

A

The lungs.

37
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

38
Q

Which part of the circulatory system links the arteries to the veins?

A

Capillaries

39
Q

Why do capillaries have thin walls?

A

So that substances can diffuse rapidly

40
Q

Why do living organisms need to respire?

1 2 3 4

A 
1
For warmth.
2
To provide energy for growth.
3
To provide energy for movement.
4
To drive chemical reactions in the brain.
41
Q

What is respiration?

A

The release of the energy from food

42
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Energy is released from food

43
Q

Chemical reaction for aerobic respiration

_______+________=_______+_________+________

A

Glucose + oxygen —–> CO2 + water + energy

44
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Sometimes cells in the body use oxygen faster than it can be delivered to them. For short periods of time, the cells are able to respire without combining glucose with oxygen.

45
Q

anaerobic chemical reaction

____________=______________+_____________

A

Glucose —-> Lactic acid + a small amount of energy

46
Q

What type of respiration is your body doing without using oxygen?

A

Anaerobic respiration

47
Q

What product of anaerobic respiration can cause muscle cramps?

A

Lactic acid

48
Q

how does oxygen get around your body? 1,2,3

A

1
Air passes between the lungs and the outside of the body through the trachea.
2
The trachea divides into two bronchi, with one bronchus leading to each lung. Each bronchus divides further in the lungs into smaller tubes called bronchioles.
3
At the end of each bronchiole, there is a group of tiny air sacs called alveoli. Millions of alveoli provide the surface area needed to speed up the absorption of oxygen.

49
Q

Why do we need to breathe?

A

To draw air in to get oxygen, and out to expel carbon dioxide.

50
Q

What forces air out of your lungs?

A

The intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax.

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