Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

The processing of information into the memory system

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

The retention of encoded information over time

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

The process of getting information out of memory storage

Question 5

Automatic Processing

Answer 5

Unconscious encoding of incidental information and of well-learned information

Question 6

Effortful Processing

Answer 6

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 7

Rehearsal

Answer 7

The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

Question 8

Spacing Effect

Answer 8

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Question 9

Serial Position Effect

Answer 9

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Question 10

Visual Encoding

Answer 10

The encoding of pictures/images

Question 11

Acoustic Encoding

Answer 11

The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

Question 12

Semantic Encoding

Answer 12

The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

Question 13

Imagery

Answer 13

Mental pictures, a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

Question 14

Method of Loci

Answer 14

A mnemonic that helps people remember things by placing them in a familiar place, such as in your house, on a baseball field, etc.

Question 15

Mnemonic Devices

Answer 15

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 16

Chunking

Answer 16

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units

Question 17

Hierarchies

Answer 17

A few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

Question 18

Peg-Word System

Answer 18

Remembering a peg-word jingle (one is a bun, two is a shoe, etc) and visually associating the peg-words with the to-be-remembered words

Question 19

Acronym

Answer 19

A type of chunking in which a word is made out of the first letters of the to-be-remembered items

Question 20

Echoic Memory

Answer 20

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Question 21

Iconic Memory

Answer 21

Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 22

Short Term/Working Memory

Answer 22

Activated memory that holds a few items (on average 7) for a brief time (usually 30 seconds) before the information is stored or forgotten

Question 23

Deep Processing

Answer 23

Encoding something according to its semantics (meaning)

Question 24

Shallow Processing

Answer 24

Encoding the shapes, looks, or surface structure of things, especially words, not the meanings

Question 25

Long Term Memory

Answer 25

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system that includes knowledge, skills and experiences

Question 26

Long-Term Potentiation

Answer 26

Neural basis for learning and memory. In LPT, neurons become more efficient at releasing and sensing the presence of neurotransmitters, and more connections develop between them

Question 27

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 27

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 28

Explicit Memory

Answer 28

Memories of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”, such as telling about a vacation or giving directions

Question 29

Implicit Memory

Answer 29

Procedural, how-to memory that you don’t have to think about, it’s independent of conscious recollection

Question 30

Recognition

Answer 30

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Question 31

Recall

Answer 31

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

Question 32

Relearning

Answer 32

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

Question 33

Retrieval Cues

Answer 33

Anchor points used to access the information you want to remember later

Question 34

Mood-Congruent Memory

Answer 34

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

Question 35

Déjà Vu

Answer 35

The eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Question 36

Episodic

Answer 36

Memories of certain episodes/events

Question 37

Semantic

Answer 37

Fact based Jeopardy-like information

Question 38

State-Dependent Memory

Answer 38

What we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state, such as being happy or sad

Question 39

Eidetic Memory

Answer 39

Photographic memory, very rare

Question 40

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 40

The inability to form new memories after specific brain surgery or an accident

Question 41

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 41

The inability to remember anything after specific brain surgery or an accident

Question 42

Source Amnesia

Answer 42

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

Question 43

Misinformation Effect

Answer 43

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

Question 44

Decay

Answer 44

The Forgetting Curve

Question 45

Repression

Answer 45

A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness