Memory

Question 1

Experiments to test memroy

Answer 1

Habituation and delay
Visual paired compairson task (habituate to object, delay, see when familiarity is absent)
3 day old 2 min, 6 month 24hr

Can train to retain for longer delays
linear increase for age
However, during task, shift from novelty preference to familiarity preference, null time in between

Question 2

Mobile conjugate reinforcement

Answer 2

Reinforced kicking with mobile
delay and see if kick
baseline ratio = delay kick vs before training
retention = delay kick vs after training no reinforcement
remember = baseline above 1
2 month 1 day, 6 month 10 day

Question 3

Context memory

Answer 3

Memory for mobile very enviro dependent
2/3 months needed the mobile to look almost exact similar
6 months need enviro around mobile to be same too
not generalizable
lose this specificity with time, 3 months after 4 days kick to both mobiles

Question 4

Kinds of reminders

Answer 4

Reinstatement - short training after main trainign
Reactivation - exposure to feature of training
Reinstatement helps babies remember (need main training too!)
These reminders can be chained to retain for a long time

Question 5

Duration of single exp. memory

Answer 5

6.5 molnths reached more for today in dark at 2.5 yrs than control
less upset in dark room

Question 6

Deferred imitation

Answer 6

Piaget thought it was sign of symbolic thought
maybe motor habits (mobile) are procedural memory, not explicit
explains infantile amnesia?
No, defer imitation is explicit
adult amnesics fail it
children who observed toy/played remembered more than control = explicit memory, not procedural

Question 7

Multi-step toys

Answer 7

Even modeling 2-step toy, 8 month delay infants reproduced it, with 1 week delay reinstatement

13, 16, 20 month with 3 sessions over 3 weeks
testing 1,3,6,9,12 months later
13 month had recall of 3/4 step toys over 3 months, 16 months for 6 mo, and 20mos for 12 mos

What helped
Linguistic labels! Observe/play themselves didn’t matter much

Question 8

Earliest memories

Answer 8

around 3.5 years and veridical (rember own, not others)
age of earliest grows later as older
why infantile amnesia
neuro immature
perspective (fewer infant style cues)
reconstruction (new schemas)
autobiography (emergence of self in 2 yr)

Question 9

Neuro Devo

Answer 9

hippocampus not fully formed for storage
frontal devo not fully formed for retrieval
Hippo forms at 18 months, prune 4-5yrs

Question 10

Rouge test

Answer 10

19 months, if recognize self in mirror, give more info about past events
notion of self devo?
DEVO AT 18 MONTHS, but first memories at 3 yrs?
Sense of self a necessary component, but not sufficient

Question 11

Episodic memories

Answer 11

Require a lot of linguistic ability
if maternal style more elaborative, then children remember more and give better event descriptions

Question 12

Passage of time

Answer 12

Children unclear about past/future
3 yrs fail, 4 years pass self recog in a video
confusion about timeline/time words
Get better as get older

Question 13

Rehearsal

Answer 13

Rember on purpose
Younger children don’t rehearse, older children do
rehersa more as get older
even if told to rehearse to remember, younger children only rehrsae most recent words, older do whole set

Question 14

Familairiy and recall

Answer 14

Chess expert kids rember chess boards better, but only if resemble a possible layout

If rare words used in serial recall, adults perform like children (bad)