memory Flashcards
What are the stages of the MSM? (Attkinson and Shiffrin, 1968)
Sensory info -> sensory memory -> STM -> Rehearsal -> LTM
What are the components of the WMM (Baddeley and Hitch) ?
Central executive
-> phonological loop
-> epiodic buffer
-> visuo spatial sketchpad
What are the two types of long term memory and what memories do they store?
Explicit (declarative) -> episodic and semantic
Implicit (non declarative) -> procedural and emotional conditioning
What evidence is there that working memory and LTM are different?
1890- William James- introspection- primary vs secondary memory
Eviedence from physiology and how info is stored in neurons- LTM requires protein synthesis which takes longer- Muller
Cells in monkey preforntal cortex show sustained activation in delayed responses
How did Peterson and Peterson measure short term forgetting?
Ppt reads a short list (of 3 words/letters for example) and try to retain it while counting backwards- retention declines and then levels off-
Free recall- the recency effect- ppt is given a long sequence of items and they are then asked to recall as many as possible in any order- recall the last items first - the ones in the middle and beginning were worse
What is the single trace theory?
Memory trace decays rapidly to start with and then becomes slower
What is the dual trace theory?
Retrieval after short interval mediated by temporary rapidly decaying memory trace; retrieval after longer interval mediated by more permanent memory trace
Dual trace theory would be supported by: retention over short interval influenced by factors that don’t influence retention over a long interval (A), or retention over long interval influenced by factors that don’t influence retention over a short interval (B)
What factors may selectively impact free recall?
List length- longer list results in fewer items recalled but overall recency is unchanged
Single dissociation is consistent with a single memory trace whose decay rate is changed by these manipulations. Double dissociation is needed i.e. a manipulation that zaps recall of recent rather than earlier items
What is a double dissociation?
Recall of the last few items mediated by memory trace is rapidly lost in the absence of rehearsal
What is visual sensory memory?
Remembering what has just been seen
What is visual STM?
Non lingual and unlikely to be stored permanently, continuously updated
What is visual LTM?
Retrieving a spatial layout of LTM e.g. remembering how many windows you have in your house
How can a brief blank frame influence visual memory and change detection?
Brief blank frame produces transients all over the VF so attention is no longer automatically attracted to the region of change- we don’t easily detect changes unless we happen to have just attended to the region of change- change blindness (limited memory for objects in prev frame)
How many items (roughly) can the VSTM hold?
3 or 4
