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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

0
Q

Duration of the STM?

A

< 30 seconds

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1
Q

What is the duration of the LTM?

A

Unlimited

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2
Q

What is the capacity of the LTM?

A

Unlimited

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3
Q

What is the capacity of the STM

A

< 7 chunks

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4
Q

What encoding does the LTM use?

A

Mainly semantic

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5
Q

What is the encoding of the STM?

A

Mainly acoustic or visual

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6
Q

Who conducted the 7+- 2 chunking study

A

Miller

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7
Q

Study:

50% photos recall after 4 months

A

Shepard

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8
Q

Study:

Year book photos, who conducted it and what were the findings?

A

Bahrick et al, recall 70% accurate after 48 years

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9
Q

Study:

Consonant syllables, max 18 seconds

A

Peterson and Peterson

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10
Q

Study:

96 seconds for same items across trials

A

Nairne et al

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11
Q

Study:

Acoustic similarity decreases STM recall, semantic similarity decreases LTM recall

A

Baddeley

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12
Q

Study:

Visual encoding in STM if given task and verbal rehearsal prevented

A

Brandimote et al

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13
Q

Study:

Visual coding in LTM

A

Frost

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14
Q

Who created the working memory model (wm)? And when?

A

Baddeley and Hitch in 1974

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15
Q

What did the working memory model explain?

A

Why you can do 2 different tasks at the same time but not 2 similar tasks

16
Q

What are the 4 parts of the Working memory model?

A
  • Central executive - resource allocation, small capacity
  • phonological loop - phonological store and articulatory process, maintenance rehearsal
  • Visio-spatial sketch pad - visual cache and inner scribe.
  • episode buffer - general store and integrates information from other stores and also from LTM.
17
Q

Who created the Multi-store model (MSM) and when?

A

Atkinson and Shriffrin. 1968

18
Q

What were some of the strengths of the working memory model?

A

Model being continually updated by research

Explains word-length effect - remembering short rather than long words (Baddeley et al)

Episodic buffer shown comparing recall of related and unrelated words. Baddeley et al

Maintenance rehearsal is only an optional process

19
Q

What were some of the weaknesses of the working memory model by Baddeley and hitch in 1974?

A

Central executive doesn’t actually explain anything

Problems with evidence from brain-damaged individuals e.g. No before and afte comparisons

Central executive is probably several components (eslinger and damasio)

20
Q

Study:

Who did the study on Leading questions (hit vs contacted) inaccurate recall?

A

Loft us and Palmer

21
Q

Study:

Who did the study on real life robbery, accurate recall despite misleading questions?

A

Guillermo and Cutshall

22
Q

What were the individual differences in the Accuracy of EWT?

A

Males and females same (wells and Olsen)
Older people have more difficulty remembering source of information but recall for event same as for younger people (Schafer et al)

23
Q

who did the study on misleading questions effecting storage, broken glass study

A

Loftus And Palmer

24
Q

Who did the stop or yield sign study?

A

Loftus et al

25
Q

Who did the meta-analysis showing anxiety reduces accuracy of EWT

A

Deffenbacher et al

26
Q

Who found anxiety increased accuracy in real life bank robberies

A

Christianson and Hubinette

1993

27
Q

Who proposed the weapon-focus effect

A

Loftus et al

28
Q

Who found that when describing young woman, younger participants more confident but no age differences

A

Yarney

29
Q

Who found that older was less accurate when the delay was one week

A

Memon et al

30
Q

Who proposed the own age bias

A

Anastasi and Rhodes

31
Q

Describe the cognitive interview

A
  1. Report everything
  2. Recreate original context
  3. Change order
  4. Change perspective
    (Fisher and Geiselman)
32
Q

What is an evaluation of the cognitive interview?

A
  1. Training may not increase usefulness (Memon et al)

2. Individual differences - CI works better than SI ( structured interview) (Ginet and Verkampt)

33
Q

What are some strategies for Memory Improvement.

A

Mnemonic techniques

  • verbal - acronym, acrostic, rhymes, chunking
  • visual imagerym- method of loci, keyword method (Atkinson and Raug), spider diagrams and mind maps

Explaining how they work

  • organising -creating memory hooks and organising material (Bower et al)
  • elaborative rehearsal - amount and nature of rehearsal
  • dual coding hypothesis - Paivio

Psychology (1 decks)

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