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Psych/Soc > mental illness > Flashcards

mental illness Flashcards

1
Q

positive symptoms

A

existence of symptoms not seen in regular people; whereas NEGATIVE symptoms is a lack of functions typically seen in people

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2
Q

cognitive symptoms

A

thought patterns that make it difficult to lead normal productive life

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3
Q

anxiety disorders

A

excessive fear or anxiety of real or imagined things. Both physio and psychological symptoms
PANIC DISORDER - suffered at least 1 panic attack
GAD - tense all the time
PHOBIA - panic induced by trigger; avoidance of it causes anxiety

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4
Q

OCD and related disorders

A

patterns of obsessive thoughts or urges, and maladaptive behavioral compulsions. Body dysmorphic and hoarding disorders count

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5
Q

trauma/stressor related disorder

A

caused by a trauma or stressor. Symptoms include anxiety, depression, insomnia, depersonalization, etc

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6
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

symptoms that can’t be explained by physical illness (i.e. making shit up)

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7
Q

bipolar and related disorders

A

cycles of mood ranging from manic to depressive

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8
Q

depressive disorders

A

anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure), and disturbances in mood

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9
Q

schizophrenia spectrum

A

loss of contact with reality

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10
Q

dissociative disorders

A

disruptions in memory, awareness, or identity

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11
Q

personality disorders

A

maladaptive types of behavior and thinking that cause dysfunction. e.g. narcissistic, avoidant, antisocial, paranoid

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12
Q

neurodevelopmental

A

developmental deficits, e.g. ADHD and autism

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13
Q

neurocognitive disorders

A

abnormal cognitive symptoms such as decline in memory/perception. e.g. can be due to Parkinson’s or Alzheimers

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14
Q

feeding and eating disorders

A

abnormal eating, ranging from anorexia to binge eating

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15
Q

specific phobia (4 types)

A

phobias with specific trigger

  1. situational - flying, small spaces
  2. natural environment - water, lightning, heights
  3. blood-injection-injury - needles, blood, surgeries
  4. animal - bugs, dogs, snakes
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16
Q

PTSD

A

formed after an intense trauma or stress.

HYPERVIGILANCE - extreme alertness is one symptom

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17
Q

adjustment disorder

A

maladaptive response to a stressor, such as divorce or losing job

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18
Q

types of somatic symptom disorders (4)

A

somatic symptom disorder - reporting physical symptoms without physical causes
illness anxiety disorder (hypochondria) - may not experience somatic symptoms, but there is still a psychological fear of having illness
conversion disorder - symptoms involving sensory or motor deficits (tremors, seizures) that typically worsen after stress (the name refers to anxiety being ‘converted’ to symptoms)
factitious disorder (munchausen’s) - not only is illness faked, but evidence is faked, such as hurting yourself to produce injury

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19
Q

difference btw bipolar I and II?

A

in II, the manic phases are less extreme, such as a HYPOMANIC episode (mania, but without psychosis or hospitalization). Unlike I, there will be no MIXED EPISODES

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20
Q

cyclothymic disorder

A

falls in the BPD family. The only difference is that while there is cycling, the highs are not as high (hypomania) nor are the lows as low (mild depression).

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21
Q

2 types of depression

A

major depressive disorder - experience major depression, may include forming suicide plans
persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) - less intense, but MORE chronic
premenstrual dysphoric disorder - has symptoms of major depressive episode, but only in the week before period

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22
Q

personality disorder types

A

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
antisocial, borderline, narcissistic
avoidant, dependent, obsessive compulsive

23
Q

schizophrenia

A

has a strong genetic basis, whose onset is in adolescence.

24
Q

stress-diathesis theory

A

stressors elicit onset of schizophrenia

25
Q

dopamine hypothesis

A

dopamine pathway is hyperactive in schizophrenia patients.
**the temporal lobes are overactive, resulting in the positive symptoms such as hallucination; the frontal lobes are underactivated, resulting in the negative symptoms like flat affect and impaired speech. Also, brains shrink and have less folding

26
Q

depression

A

also genetic basis. Linked to less activation of dopamine, serotonin, and NE pathways, which are targets of antidepressants. It can overlap with parkinsons and TBIs

27
Q

dementia

A

loss of cognitive ability beyond what is expected from normal aging. Alzheimers is an example, which has anterograde amnesia (can’t form new memories) and retrograde too, where the most recent memories degrade first.

28
Q

neuritic plaques

A

plaques of beta-amyloid protein that cause Alzheimers. NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES are clumps of tau protein that do the same.

29
Q

Parkinson’s cause

A

death of cells that make dopamine in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra.
symptoms: tremors, slowed movement, shuffling gait, rigid movements and facial expressions
Treatment: L-dopa is a dopamine precursor that can cross BBB

30
Q

3 types of stressors

A

catastrophes - natural disaster or war
significant life changes - moving, divorce, grief
daily hassles - traffic jam, work stress, lost keys

31
Q

learned helplessness

A

may develop when stress is accompanied by a perceived lack of control over the stressor

32
Q

cortisol

A

it shifts body from using glucose to fat instead. This keeps blood glucose high for the brain alone.

33
Q

biofeedback

A

teaching people to control involuntary responses, such as muscle tension, heartbeat

34
Q

reticular formation

A

responsible for alertness and arousal. It is located in the brainstem

35
Q

polysomnography

A

includes EEG (electrical impulses in brain)
EMG - measures skeletal muscle movement
EOG (electrooculogram) - eye movement
and others

36
Q

alpha waves

A

EEG shows low amplitude but high frequency waves that correspond to awake but sleepy

37
Q

beta waves

A

higher frequency and lower amplitude than alpha; correspond to awake and alert

38
Q

Stages of sleep

A

Stage 1 sleep - has theta waves (low to moderate amplitude and middle frequency)
Stage 2 sleep - theta waves with K-complexes (large slow spike) and sleep spindles (burst of wave) mixed in
Stage 3 and 4 - have delta waves - high amplitude, low frequency. This is called slow wave sleep where there’s no eye movement, and HR and digestion slow
REM - burst of quick eye movement. EEG shows sawtooth waves. Muscles are paralyzed, dreaming occurs

39
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

gets input from eyes and signals parts of brain which regulate temp and hormones. It regulates sleep. For instance, when exposed to morning light, body temp rises and cortisol is secreted

40
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin upon darkness

41
Q

REM rebound

A

after a night without REM, you have more REM to make up for it

42
Q

Freud believed about dreams

A

dreams have MANIFEST CONTENT, which are symbolic versions of underlying LATENT CONTENT (our unconscious desires and drives)

43
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

dreams are byproducts of brain activation during REM (therefore dreams aren’t really purposeful)

44
Q

dyssomnia

A

abnormal in amount, quality, or timing of sleep. Includes narcolepsy, sleep apnea, insomnia

45
Q

parasomnia

A

abnormal behaviours during sleep, such as somnambulism and night terrors (get up and talk during sleep). Most common in children
Usually occur in stage 3 ‘slow wave’ sleep

46
Q

2 theories of hypnotism

A

dissociation theory - hypnotism is simply an extreme form of dissociation
social influence theory - people act under the power of suggestion

47
Q

depressants

A

alcohol may suppress REM, it works by stimulating GABA and dopamine

48
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

dopamine release from this nucleus, the ‘reward center’ is crucial in developing addiction

49
Q

DID

A

person has two or more distinct personalities

50
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

has episodes of dissociation and amnesia, which may range from only that episode to the person’s whole lifetime. It is usually temporary

51
Q

depersonalization/derealization disorder

A

DEPERSONALIZATION - recurrent feeling of being cut off from his body
DEREALIZATION - feeling that the external world is unreal; however, they know the feeling isn’t accurate
Onset usually around 25, triggered by stressor

52
Q

egosyntonic

A

most personality disorders are egosyntonic - in harmony with a person’s self image

53
Q

monoamine hypothesis

A

depression caused by deficity of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine

Psych/Soc (6 decks)

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