Metabolic Processes: Respiration

Question 1

ATP

Answer 1

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 2

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 2

• Energy cannot be created or destroyed

- Can only change (some is lost due to heat)

Question 3

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 3

• Entropy (disorder) is continuously increasing spontaneously
• more order/ less stability to less order/ more stability
• (remember mess room and clean up example)

Question 4

Free Energy

Answer 4

The energy available to do work (G)

G= H (total energy)- TS (non-useable energy)

Question 5

Entropy

Answer 5

Disorder

Question 6

Endergonic

Answer 6

• Positive deltaG
• products have more free energy than reactants
• H is higher, S is lower
• Not spontaneous (requires input energy)

Question 7

Exergonic

Answer 7

• Negative deltaG
• Products have less free energy than reactants (releases energy)
• H is lower, S is higher (or both higher)
• Spontaneous (may not be instantaneous)

Question 8

Metabolism

Answer 8

The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living system (m=catabolism+anabolism)

Question 9

Catabolism

Answer 9

All the destructive reactions that release free energy (exergonic reactions)
Ex: digestion/ respiration

Question 10

Anabolism

Answer 10

All the constructive reactions that require an input of free energy and decrease the entropy of the system (endergonic reactions)
Ex: protein synthesis/ photosynthesis

Question 11

Coupled Reactions

Answer 11

endergonic+exergonic (net deltaG is negative)

- energized amino acids to produce a dipeptide

Question 12

Oxidation

Answer 12

loss of electrons (redOX)

Question 13

Reduction

Answer 13

gain of electrons (REDox)

Question 14

Outcomes of Glycolysis

Answer 14

(happens in cytoplasm)

• 2 pyruvate
• 2 net ATP
• 2 NADH+

Question 15

Pyruvate

Answer 15

A three-carbon molecule that is the end product of glycolysis; each glucose molecule yields 2 pyruvate molecules

Question 16

Outcome of Krebs Cycle

Answer 16

(happens in mitochondrion)

• 8NADH+
• 2 FADH2
• 2 net ATP

Question 17

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (enzyme)

Answer 17

• catalyzes the oxidation of pyruvate
• pyruvate -> acetyl-CoA
• competitive regulator
• beginning of Krebs Cycle

Question 18

Outcome of Electron Transport Chain

Answer 18

(happens in inter membrane space)

- 26-32 net ATP

Question 19

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 19

Synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase using energy from a proton gradient which is generated by electron transport, requiring oxygen.

Question 20

Phosphofructokinase (enzyme)

Answer 20

• catalyzes conversion of fructose phosphate -> fructose biphosphate
• happens in glucose priming
• shut down by too much ATP
• regulator inhibitor

Question 21

Fermentation Purpose

Answer 21

To use organic molecules to accept the electrons acquired from glycolysis in order to recycle oxidized NAD+ that is required for the process to continue

Question 22

Two types of Fermentation

Answer 22

1. Ethanol: fungi (yeasts), some types of bacteria

2. Lactic Acid: mammals, some types of bacteria

Question 23

Activation Energy

Answer 23

Energy required to break existing bonds before a reaction can proceed

Question 24

Electron Carriers

Answer 24

Molecules that can be reversibly oxidized and reduced in respiration
NADH+H and FADH

Question 25

Coupling Reaction

Answer 25

Add an exergonic to an endergonic to get a delta negative free energy

Question 26

Dipeptide

Answer 26

Produced by exergonically reacting systems created by amino acids

Question 27

ATP Synthase (Enzyme)

Answer 27

- electrons -> ATP | - happens in ETC

Question 28

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Answer 28

Gaining a Phosphate (to create ATP) from a substrate | - glycolysis (look at chart)

Question 29

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 29

Gaining a phosphate (to create ATP) from NADH+H and FADH giving electrons - happens in ETC

Question 30

Energy Systems

Answer 30

Cellular processes that produce ATP. | depending konnte level, type and duration of exercise, different systems supply ATP to a muscle cell

Question 31

3 Types of Energy Systems

Answer 31

1. The Creatine Phosphate System (Anerobic) 2. The Glycolytic or Lactic Acid system(Anerobic) 3. The Oxidative system (Aerobic)

Question 32

Aerobic

Answer 32

"With air", a steady state. Body's energy demand is balanced with production of ATP

Question 33

Anerobic

Answer 33

Short term or immediate | run out easily/ need frequent breaks to top up

Question 34

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 34

Metabolic pathway: generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.

Question 35

Aerobic Capacity

Answer 35

The amount of oxygen consumed in intense exercise in a given time frame

Question 36

What is muscle fatigue caused by?

Answer 36

Higher demand of ATP than the levels can sustain or supply (intensity and duration affect this) - Could also be from depleting muscle glycogen