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Biology > Metabolic Processes: Respiration > Flashcards

Metabolic Processes: Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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2
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A
  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed

- Can only change (some is lost due to heat)

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3
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A
  • Entropy (disorder) is continuously increasing spontaneously
  • more order/ less stability to less order/ more stability
  • (remember mess room and clean up example)
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4
Q

Free Energy

A

The energy available to do work (G)

G= H (total energy)- TS (non-useable energy)

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5
Q

Entropy

A

Disorder

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6
Q

Endergonic

A
  • Positive deltaG
  • products have more free energy than reactants
  • H is higher, S is lower
  • Not spontaneous (requires input energy)
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7
Q

Exergonic

A
  • Negative deltaG
  • Products have less free energy than reactants (releases energy)
  • H is lower, S is higher (or both higher)
  • Spontaneous (may not be instantaneous)
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8
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living system (m=catabolism+anabolism)

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9
Q

Catabolism

A

All the destructive reactions that release free energy (exergonic reactions)
Ex: digestion/ respiration

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10
Q

Anabolism

A

All the constructive reactions that require an input of free energy and decrease the entropy of the system (endergonic reactions)
Ex: protein synthesis/ photosynthesis

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11
Q

Coupled Reactions

A

endergonic+exergonic (net deltaG is negative)

- energized amino acids to produce a dipeptide

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12
Q

Oxidation

A

loss of electrons (redOX)

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13
Q

Reduction

A

gain of electrons (REDox)

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14
Q

Outcomes of Glycolysis

A

(happens in cytoplasm)

  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 net ATP
  • 2 NADH+
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15
Q

Pyruvate

A

A three-carbon molecule that is the end product of glycolysis; each glucose molecule yields 2 pyruvate molecules

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16
Q

Outcome of Krebs Cycle

A

(happens in mitochondrion)

  • 8NADH+
  • 2 FADH2
  • 2 net ATP
17
Q

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (enzyme)

A
  • catalyzes the oxidation of pyruvate
  • pyruvate -> acetyl-CoA
  • competitive regulator
  • beginning of Krebs Cycle
18
Q

Outcome of Electron Transport Chain

A

(happens in inter membrane space)

- 26-32 net ATP

19
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase using energy from a proton gradient which is generated by electron transport, requiring oxygen.

20
Q

Phosphofructokinase (enzyme)

A
  • catalyzes conversion of fructose phosphate -> fructose biphosphate
  • happens in glucose priming
  • shut down by too much ATP
  • regulator inhibitor
21
Q

Fermentation Purpose

A

To use organic molecules to accept the electrons acquired from glycolysis in order to recycle oxidized NAD+ that is required for the process to continue

22
Q

Two types of Fermentation

A
  1. Ethanol: fungi (yeasts), some types of bacteria

2. Lactic Acid: mammals, some types of bacteria

23
Q

Activation Energy

A

Energy required to break existing bonds before a reaction can proceed

24
Q

Electron Carriers

A

Molecules that can be reversibly oxidized and reduced in respiration
NADH+H and FADH

25
Q

Coupling Reaction

A

Add an exergonic to an endergonic to get a delta negative free energy

26
Q

Dipeptide

A

Produced by exergonically reacting systems created by amino acids

27
Q

ATP Synthase (Enzyme)

A
  • electrons -> ATP

- happens in ETC

28
Q

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A

Gaining a Phosphate (to create ATP) from a substrate

- glycolysis (look at chart)

29
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Gaining a phosphate (to create ATP) from NADH+H and FADH giving electrons
- happens in ETC

30
Q

Energy Systems

A

Cellular processes that produce ATP.

depending konnte level, type and duration of exercise, different systems supply ATP to a muscle cell

31
Q

3 Types of Energy Systems

A
  1. The Creatine Phosphate System (Anerobic)
  2. The Glycolytic or Lactic Acid system(Anerobic)
  3. The Oxidative system (Aerobic)
32
Q

Aerobic

A

“With air”, a steady state. Body’s energy demand is balanced with production of ATP

33
Q

Anerobic

A

Short term or immediate

run out easily/ need frequent breaks to top up

34
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Metabolic pathway: generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.

35
Q

Aerobic Capacity

A

The amount of oxygen consumed in intense exercise in a given time frame

36
Q

What is muscle fatigue caused by?

A

Higher demand of ATP than the levels can sustain or supply (intensity and duration affect this)
- Could also be from depleting muscle glycogen

Biology (3 decks)

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