Micro

Question 1

characteristics of clostridium

Answer 1

gram positive rod
spore forming
only grow in absence of O2

Question 2

C. perfringens

Answer 2

gas gangrene
clostridial endometritis
clostridial food poisoning

Question 3

C. tetani

Answer 3

tetanus-lock jaw

Question 4

C. botulinum

Answer 4

botulism
wound botulism
infant botulism

Question 5

source of C. tetani

Answer 5

exogenous source

not due to your flora

Question 6

growth and appearance of C. tetani

Answer 6

drumstick/tennis racket
terminal spores
swarm on solid media
obligate anaerobe
grows on blood agar, cooked meat broth

Question 7

tetanus exotoxin

Answer 7

causes hyperexcitability of anterior horn cells
ascends motor nerves
spasmodic muscle contractions

Question 8

lock jaw

Answer 8

masseter muscle most sensitive to exotoxin

Question 9

treatment of tetanus

Answer 9

antitoxin-only for new toxin as it is produced
sedation to block nerve impulses at NMJ
penicillin

Question 10

prevention of tetanus

Answer 10

kids-DTaP (5 doses, 2, 4, 6, 15-18, 4-6 years)

>19 substitute TdaP then Td q10

Question 11

DTaP

Answer 11

diptheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis

Question 12

Tdap

Answer 12

tetanus toxoid, reduced diptheria toxoid, acellular pertussis

Question 13

DT

Answer 13

diptheria and tetanus toxoids

Question 14

Td, dT

Answer 14

reduced diptheria toxoid and reduced tetanus toxoid

Question 15

Tetanus IG

Answer 15

hyperimmune human antisera
gamma globulin
temporarily protective to unvaccinated

Question 16

characteristics of clostridium botulinum

Answer 16

straight/slightly curved
rounded ends
peritrichous flagella
subterminal spores, produced at room temp, heat resistant

Question 17

media for C. botulinum

Answer 17

blood, gelatin

Question 18

eastern states

Answer 18

type A
greatest affinity
difficult to find in blood after exposure

Question 19

western states

Answer 19

type B

toxin in blood after a week

Question 20

great lakes

Answer 20

type E

in blood after 21 days

Question 21

toxin from GI tract

Answer 21

spread by hematogenous and lymphatic routes

attach to motor nerve terminals

Question 22

mode of action C. botulinum toxin

Answer 22

release of Ach blocked

Question 23

cause of death in C. botulinum

Answer 23

aspiration pneumonia, asphyxia, cardiac arrhythmias from involvement of respiratory muscles and bulbar movement

Question 24

descending weakness or paralysis

Answer 24

botulism until proven otherwise

Question 25

cardinal features of botulism

Answer 25

neurologic manifestations are symmetric
mental processes are clear
fever absent early-present from complication
no sensory disturbances
pulse-may speed up if hypotension

Question 26

treatment of botulism

Answer 26

hours-vomit, gastric lavage

mag sulfate or enema for purgation

Question 27

dangers of antitoxin

Answer 27

anaphylaxis and serum sickness

Question 28

penicillin for botulism

Answer 28

only for wound

if GI increases toxin

Question 29

diseases caused by togavirus and flavivirus

Answer 29

encephalitis
hemorrhagic fever
fever+rash

Question 30

togaviridae

Answer 30

alphavirus and rubivirus
icosahedral capsid with envelope
ssRNA +

Question 31

location of multiplication for togavirus

Answer 31

RE system

particularly in the spleen and lymph nodes

Question 32

after togavirus crosses BBB

Answer 32

neuronophagia and encephalomalacia

Question 33

examples of encephalitis from togavirus

Answer 33

Eastern Equine
Western Equine
Venezuelan Equine

Question 34

transmission of flavivirus

Answer 34

mosquito and tick

Question 35

replication of flavivirus

Answer 35

RE system

Question 36

examples of flavivirus

Answer 36

yellow fever

dengue fever

Question 37

clinical disease of yellow fever

Answer 37

saddle back fever (diphasic)
necrosis of liver and kidney
black vomit

Question 38

clinical disease of dengue

Answer 38

maculopapular rash, pain in joints and muscles

ocular pain with saddle back fever

Question 39

progression of dengue to shock syndrome

Answer 39

primary infection of serotype 1, 3, 4

second infection from 2

Question 40

treatment of hemoconcentration

Answer 40

hydration therapy

acetaminophen over aspirin

Question 41

transmission of west nile virus (flavivirus)

Answer 41

insect vector
blood transfusions
organ transplants

Question 42

prevention and control

Answer 42

eradication of vector population
yellow fever-immunization
horse vaccines are available to interrupt the transmission cycle

Question 43

characteristics of bunyaviridae

Answer 43

helical nucleocapsid
envelope with glycoprotein spikes
genome ssRNA - in segments
carries viral RNA polymerase

Question 44

budding of bunyaviridae

Answer 44

Golgi apparatus

Question 45

clinical disease California encephalitis virus

Answer 45

bifrontal headache, fever, vomiting, aseptic meningitis

Question 46

orthobunyavirus

Answer 46

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

transmitted by ticks

Question 47

phlebotomus fever

Answer 47

headache, fever, myalgia, photophobia, stiffness of neck and back and papules over the body surface

Question 48

rift valley fever

Answer 48

saddleback fever, GI distress, hemorrhagic fever

Question 49

transmission of hantavirus

Answer 49

from mouse feces

infects pulmonary syndrome

Question 50

characteristics of arenaviridae

Answer 50

helical nucelocapsid
envelope with dense lipid bilayer
replicate in cytoplasm
segments appear to be circular

Question 51

host of arenavirus

Answer 51

rodents

Question 52

clinical disease from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

Answer 52

influenza like symptoms

aseptic meningitis

Question 53

clinical disease of lassa fever

Answer 53

skin hemorrhages, high fever (hemorrhagic fever) mouth ulcers and severe muscle ache

Question 54

tacaribe complex clinical disease

Answer 54

hemorrhagic fever with petechiae, bleeding in GI tract, uterus, nasal cavity and GU tract