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(B) Life Science 11-2 > Micro-organisms > Flashcards

Micro-organisms Flashcards

1
Q

What does Pathogenic mean?

A

disease casuing

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2
Q

What does non-pathogenic mean?

A

harmless

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3
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Disease causing microbes,
Pathogens are commonly known as germs

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4
Q

What do germs include ?

A
  • viruses
  • bacteria
  • some types of protists and fungi
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5
Q

Remember: Microbes or Micro-organisms do not nessesarily cause disease, only pathogens(germs) do

A
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6
Q

Characteristics of Viruses

A
  • Non-living organisms (do nto feed, resprier, excrete, grow)
  • Parasites: only survive in a host
  • Can nonly reproduce, and they need a host to do so( reproduce :make copies of their nucleic acid and DNA or RNA)
  • Have no organelles or cytoplasm
  • Always linked wuth a disease (host cells are damaged)
  • ## Can be in dormant stagein an organism(eg: herpes simplex caused cold sores )
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7
Q

Shapes of viruses

A
  • Polyhedral
  • Helical
  • complex
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8
Q

Polyhedral shape = …

A

Adenovirus (common cold/respiratory dieases)

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9
Q

Helical shape= …

A

Tabacco virus(infects crops and yeild- die out)

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10
Q

Complex shape= …

A

Bacteriophage(skin and pulmonary infections, food poisoning, and toxic shock syndrome)

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11
Q

What does evolve mean ?

A

Organisms that are adapted to life

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12
Q

Characteristics of bacteria

A

-kingdoms monera
- Inhabit all environments (even GI tracts) ae adapted to circumstances (extreme temperatures)
- most are useful but cause disease
- Viruses and bacteria ae both unicellular but are 1000x bigger than a virus
- some use sun to make their food, others are parasites, causing disease
- shapes (other card)
- In favorable conditions bacteria reproduces through binary fission

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13
Q

Shapes of bacteria

A
  • spherical shaped bacteria (cocci)
  • rod shaped bacteria (bacilli)
  • spiral shaped bacteria (spiralla)
  • comma shaped bacteria (vibrios)
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14
Q

What does the prefix strepto mean ?

A

chain

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15
Q

what does the prefix staphy mean?

A

clumps

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16
Q

what happens when bacteria is in favorable conditions?

A

Bacteria reproduces through binary fission(asexual process where a single cell divides into two with identical DNA)

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17
Q

What happnes to bacteria in unfavorable conditions
(hot and dry)

A
  • Bacteria survives by becoming dormant
  • they form spores with a thick protective coat around themselves and then when favorable conditions return the spoor coat splits open to release the bacteria
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18
Q

What is the structure of bacteria?

A
  • unicellular(cell is simpler than other organisms)
  • protective rigid cell wall
  • prokaryotes(no nucleus)
  • single chromosome (closed loop of bacterial DNA)
  • many bacteria which cause disease have a waxy capsule as their outer most layer to give protection against the defenses of the host’s body
  • have flagella which allow bacteria to move
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19
Q

Characteristics of protists

A
  • simple, single celled eukaryotes
  • they live in moist environments to protect them from desiccation(dehydration)
  • reproduce asexually
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20
Q

What are the variable characteristics of Protists?

A
  • they are microscopic
  • heterotrophs(unable to make own food)/autotrophs (make their own food
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21
Q

What are the two subcategories that protists are broken into?

A
  • Plant-like Protista(algae)
  • Animal-like Protista(protozoans)
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22
Q

Plant-like Protista (algae) structure and characteristics.

A
  • simple aquatic eukaryotes
  • Autotrophic(chlorophyll in chloroplasts therefore can make therefore can make own food)
  • Release large amounts of oxygen during PS
  • Mostly free-floating and sessile
  • reproduce asexually
  • algae are either
    1. unicellular and microscopic OR
    2. Multicellular and macroscopic
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23
Q

Animal-like Protista (protozoans) characteristics

A
  • are unicellular and therefore microscopic
  • heterotrophs
  • Amoeba= ingest phagocytes for intracellular digestion
  • Plasmodium absorb nutrients
  • swim around (mobile)_ looking for food
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24
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the protozoan group?

A
  • Amoeboids
  • Ciliates
  • Flagellates
  • Parasites
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25
Q

Amoeboids

A
  • move and feed by means of temporary cytoplasmic projections called pseudopodia(false feet)
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26
Q

Ciliates

A
  • use hair-like structures called cilia to swim and capture food
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27
Q

Flagellates

A
  • use flagella for locomotion
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28
Q

Parasites

A
  • non-motile
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29
Q

What does plankton refer to?

A

the numerous micro-organisms floating in the currents in the open oceans

30
Q

2 Types of pankton

A
  • Phytoplankton - plant-like unicellular protists(algae)
  • Zooplankton - bacteria and animal-like unicellular protists (protozoans)
31
Q

Fungi kingdom characteristics

A
  • found everywhere (visible)
  • free-living, living in soil, air, dead organic matter
  • heterotrophs(cannot PS=no chlorophyll)
  • feed on dead organic matter(saprotrophic**)
  • release digestive enzymes
  • some are parasitic(getting food from living host)
  • eg:thrush, athlete’s foot
  • some have symbiotic relationships with plants or animals (they live together)
  • most fungi are useful =primary decomposer of dead organic matter
  • reproduce (asexually, sexually, budding)
32
Q

Structure of fungi

A
  • most are multicellular BUT unicellular also possible = bakers yeast
  • multicellular fungi consists of mass of branched filaments=hyphae enclosed by rigid cell wall
  • Repeated branching=mycelium
  • Asexual reproduction= spore-producing bodies
33
Q

What are the 5 functions of micro organisms in maintaining balance in the environment

A
  • Plant degraders
  • Micro-regulators of nutrients
  • Regeneration of oxygen
  • Nitrogen fixers
  • Biological control agents
34
Q

Plant degraders

A

cellulose-degrading fungi or bacteria cleans up dead plants

35
Q

Micro-regulators of nutrients (dont need to know off by heart, just understand)

A
  • Nutrients(carbonates/nitrates/phosphates/sulphates)=high oxidation rate
  • When a plant or animal dies nutrients would be locked in forever
  • earthworms feed on remains(decaying roots and leaves)
  • But they leave a great amount of unused organic matter
    -remainder of organic matter is broken down by saprotrophic bacteria and fungi
  • and animal waste is converted to carbon dioxide and nutrients
36
Q

Regeneration of oxygen

A
  • vital for gases to remain constant for life to continue
  • oxygen- 21% of atmosphere
  • oxygen releasing organisms = blue green algae and phytoplankton
  • replace at least 50% of all oxygen used during cellular respiration
37
Q

Nitrogen fixers

A
  • plants cannot use gaseous nitrogen
  • soem bacteria can = nitrogen fixers
  • some live freely in soil and others in the roots of plants (legume family)
  • when plants decay = then fixed nitrogen goes into soil= usable for plants
38
Q

Biological control agents

A
  • Micro organisms can also act as natural enemies =fungus that destroys invasive tree species (eg:hyacinth)
39
Q

Symbiotic relationships (3)

A
  • MUTUALISM:both species benefit
  • PARASITISM:one benefits, the other is harmed
  • COMMENSALISM:neither is harmed, but one benefits
40
Q

Give an example for each symbiotic relationship

A
  • mutualism: ox and an ox pecker(ox pecker eats off ticks from the ox)
  • parasitism dog and tick
  • commensalism whale and a barnacle(barnacle feed off micro organisms on whales skin, barnacle benefits, whale is not harmed)
41
Q

Read through symbiotic relationship examples on pg 11 (case study material)

A
42
Q

Definition of symbiosis

A

A close association between two species

43
Q

4 types of diseases caused by micro-organisms with examples

A
  • viral disease (rabies, HIV/AIDS, influenza)
  • bacterialdisease (blight, cholera, tuberculosis, anthrax)
  • protistan disease (malaria)
  • fungal disease (rusts, thrush, ringworm, athlete’s foot)
44
Q

Bacterial ; TB (don’t need to know off by heart, case study material)

A
  1. Chronic bacterial infection = can affect all organs, mostly lungs
  2. Contagious = spread through moisture droplets from infected person
  3. Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis = very resistant covered by waxy coat
    protects it from drying out, heat and being destroyed by immune system
  4. Effects:
    a. Patient = weak and tired, persistent cough (sometimes coughs blood), fevers
    and night sweats = SYMPTOMS
    b. Not be able to work, no income
  5. Drug Management:
    a. Can be cured with drugs = DOTS (Directly Observed Therapy, Short course)
    i. Patients are watched to make sure they take their full course of
    antibiotics
  6. Societal Management:
    a. Education
    b. Solving problems like overcrowding/malnutrition
45
Q

Relationship between TB and HIV

A
  1. HIV main reason for incidence of TB
  2. Lethal combination = each affecting each other
  3. HIV weakens immune system = more likely to contract TB
46
Q

Viral:HIV/AIDS

A
  1. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
  2. Infects and destroys NB cells (helper T lymphocytes – CD4 cells)
  3. Life-long condition
  4. Effects:
    a. Immune system becomes very weak
    b. CD4 count is less than 200 CD4 cells/ml blood (normal range 600-1200) =
    illness progressed to AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
    i. With weak immune system = other disease causing mircrobes infect
    body

c. Emotionally lonely due to stigma
d. Families destroyed = grandparents looking after young ones
5. Management:
a. Finding out status = start taking measures to manage disease and prevent
spreading
b. Anti-retrovirals (ARV) = lower the viral load = stop viral replication and allow
time for immune system to recover
c. Opportunistic infections treated accordingly

47
Q

What does HIV s, and AIDS stand for

A

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

48
Q

What happens if patient stops taking medication because they feel better?

A
  1. illness is prolonged
  2. becomes infectious again, spread TB
  3. builds resistance to drugs
    a) (MDR-TB) multi-drug resistant = difficult to treat, more expensive
    b) (WDR-TB)
49
Q

How does antibiotic resistance occur

A
  1. High number of bacteria and a few are resistant
  2. Antibiotics kill bacteria causing illness, as well as good bacteria protecting the body from infection
  3. Resistant bacteria now have preferred conditions to grow and take over
  4. Bacteria can now transfer their drug-resistance to other bacteria, causing more problems
50
Q

5 kingdoms

A
  • monera (prokaryotes)
  • protists (eukaryotes)
  • fungi
  • plants and animals
51
Q

Plant immunity

A
  • built in immune systems to defend themselves
  • Plant recognises pathogen (germ) and acts
    a) produce salicylic acid(SA)= asprin compound
    b)activates attack genes from doing damage (stopping multiplication)
    c) Self-destruct= forming area of dead cellsto prevent spreading
  • SA moves to site of plant which causes resistance to pathogen(systemic acquired resistance)

(not sure if i need to know this)
Plants use mechanisms for protection since they dont have immune systems
- barriers: waxy cuticle, bark, suberin in cell walls to keep pathogens out
- secretions: irritating juices to prevent being eaten
- wounds:plugged with parenchyma cells - calus tissue
-resin/gum: antiseptics (prevent entry of micro organisms and fungal infections)

52
Q

Two lines of defense

A
  • First line of defense is the skin
  • Second line of defense is when pathogen enters the body and this involves the primary and secondary response
53
Q

PRIMARY response in the 2nd line of defense

A
  • Trys to destroy pathogens and prevent it from spreading further (fever, inflammation)
54
Q

SECONDARY response in the 2nd line of defense

A
  • If pathogens spreads = activates immune system**
55
Q

Second line of defense, secondary reaction

A
  1. Immune system actively responds in two ways
    a) destroy
    b) keeps memory of destroyed pathogen
  2. Immune processes involve two groups of white blood cells
    a) LYMPHOCYTES(B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes) part of lymphoid organs (tonsils, lymph glands, spleen, blood)
    b) Phagocytes
56
Q

B lymphocytes

A
  • Pathogens have molecules(antigens) on their surface
  • immune system recognizes antigen and B lymphocytes make proteins = antibodies(immunoglobins)
  • Antibodies = destroy and neutralize
  • Some B lymphocytes stay in lymph glands(after “battle”)= memory cells (infected again= respond quickly)
57
Q

natural immunity

A

When a person is exposed to a disease and the **antibodies(memory cells) produces will give protection against a future infection

58
Q

Definition of an antigen

A

A protein or large polysaccharide molecule in the coat if a virus or a bacterium which causes B lymphocytes to make antibodies

59
Q

Definition of an antibody

A

A protein made by **B lymphocytes that destroys or neutralizes a germ

60
Q

How do antibodies destroy germs?

A
  • **
61
Q

know symbol for antibody

A
61
Q

where are T lymphocytes found?

A

lymph glands

62
Q

Types of T lymphocytes

A
  1. CD4 cells(helper T cells)are vital as they start the immune response to infections(activate other lymphocytes)
  2. Killer T cellsdestroy body cells infected by viruses and some parasites
62
Q

What are phagocytes

A

Large lymphocytes that can change their shape and can therefore engulf germs

62
Q

Process of how phagocytes destroy germs. and what is this process called ?

A
  1. Phagocytes move around the body looking for pathogens(germs)
  2. they can squeeze through gaps in capillary walls and almost any part of the body
  3. When a phagocyte comes into contact with a pathogen(germ)it surrounds it and its enzymes destroy the germ

process is called: Phagocytosis

63
Q

Definition of a vaccination (immunization)

A

The process of giving a vaccine orally or by injection to make them immune to a disease

63
Q

What is the primary reason for vaccine?

A

To prevent disease

64
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A suspension if **dead or weakened or fragmented micro-organisms, or their toxins, that will stimulate the production of antibodies by the B lymphocytes (antibody cell)which will cause immunity

  • because the cells or weakened the vaccine will not cause disease
65
Q

What type of immunity are vaccines ?

A

Artificially acquired active immunity

66
Q

defintion of a drug

A

A chemical substance** used in treatment, cure or prevention of a disease or disorder

67
Q

definition of a antibiotic

A

Drugs that fight infections caused by bacteria, they cannot fight infections caused by viruses

(B) Life Science 11-2 (3 decks)

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