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Microbiology > Micro Packet > Flashcards

Micro Packet Flashcards

1
Q

What is an infection?

A

Invasion of the body by a microorganism

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2
Q

What is the blood condition of “too many RBCs” called?

A

Polycythemivera

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3
Q

What elevates RBC count?

A

Erythropoetin

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4
Q

What does our immune system protect us from?

A

Pathogens and cancer

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5
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganism that causes disease.

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6
Q

What does the first line of defense consist of?

A

Physical and Chemical Barriers.

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7
Q

What is an example of physical barriers of the immune system?

A

Skin

Cilia

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8
Q

What is an example of a chemical barrier of the immune system?

A
  • Mucous membranes
  • Saliva
  • Tears
  • Vaginal secretions
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9
Q
A
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10
Q

What is the immune system?

A

The body’s defense system that includes surface barriers as well as specialized cells, tissues and organs that carry out the immune response.

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11
Q

What are the divisions of the immune system?

A

Innate: Born with.

Adaptive: Acquired over time.

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12
Q

What is the difference between the innate and the adaptive immune system?

A

Innate immune system is non-specific. Your body will produce the same response to foreign invaders.

The aquired immune system is specific. Acquired immune system “remembers” the pathogen and functions as a lock and key.

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13
Q

What are the 5 components of the innate immune system?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Macrophage
  • Natural killer cells
  • Dendritic cells
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14
Q

What is the function of a neutrophil?

A

Travel in the bloodstream to areas of invasion, attacking and ingesting pathogens - FIRST RESPONDERS

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15
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

They are located in the mucosal tissues (GI tract & Mammary glands). They primarily function in inflammation.

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16
Q

What is Eosinophilia?

A

Abnormal increase of eosinophils.

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17
Q

What causes eosinophilia?

A

NAAPC

Neoplasm (tumor)

Allergies/Asthma

Addison’s Disease (Adrenal insufficiencies)

Parasites

Collagen (too much (scar tissue) / Not enough (arthritis))

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18
Q

What is the fucntion of Macrophage?

A

They devour pathogens and worn out cells

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19
Q

What is the relationship between Tb and macrophages?

A

Tb infects macrophages

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20
Q

What is the function of NKC?

A

They directly destroy virus infected cells and cancerous cells.

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21
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

They are found in the tissues. They engulf pathogens in addition to activating the lymphocytes (acquired immune system).

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22
Q

What are the cells of the acquired immune system called?

A

Lymphocyte

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23
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

T cells

B cells

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24
Q

What do T cells differentiate into?

A

T cells can become:

  • Helper T cell
  • Killer T cell
  • Supressor/Regulatory T cell

When the response is over it can become a Memory T cell

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25
Q

What do B cells differentiate into?

A

Plasma cell –> which then creates antibodies –> may eventually become Memory B cells

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26
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A marker on the surface of a foreign substance that immune systems cells recognize as non self. The presence of foreign antigen triggers the immune system response.

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27
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Specialized proteins produced by WBC (B cells) that can recognize and neutralize specific microbes

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28
Q

Where are antibodies found?

A

They circulate in your blood stream and most body fluids.

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29
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

A chemical messenger secreted by the immune system to help regulate and coordinate the immune response.

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30
Q

What is cell mediated immune response?

A

When WBC recognize self body cells as infected and destroy them.

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31
Q

What is antibody mediated immune response?

A

When antibodies work against bacteria, viruses and other substances outside of the cell.

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32
Q

What is immunity?

A

Resistance to infection.

(An infected person will not suceptible to the same pathogen again)

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33
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

The body’s ability to mobilize the cellular memory of an attack by a pathogen to prevent subsequnet illness. Acuired through the normal immune response and through vaccination.

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34
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A network of vessels that carry lymph

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35
Q

What are the organs of the lymphatic system?

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, tonsils, thymus

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36
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

To filter excess fulids excreted by the blood vessels and return it to the systemic circulatory system.

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37
Q

Which cells aid in filtering the lymph?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

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38
Q

Why would lymph nodes be swollen?

A

During infection, lymph nodes fill with cells.

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39
Q

What is immunization?

A

The process of conferring immunity to a pathogen by administering a vaccine

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40
Q

What is vaccine?

A

A preparation of killed or weakened microorganisms, inactivated toxins, or components of microorganisms that is administered to stimulate an immune response.

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41
Q

What does a vaccine protect you from?

A

A vaccine protects against future infection by the pathogen.

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42
Q

What is active immunity?

A

When the person produces his or her own antibodies to the microorganism.

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43
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Immunity conferred by injecting antibodies produced by other human beings and animals. Does not confer memory. Only short term protection.

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44
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

A type of immunity that occurs when a significant proportion of community has been vaccinated against a disease and that immunity confers protection on unvaccinated individuals.

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45
Q

What type of vaccine is MMR?

A

A lilve, attenuated vaccine.

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46
Q

What type of vaccine is the flu?

A

A killed vaccine.

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47
Q

Is there a link between vaccines and autism?

A

No!

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48
Q

What is an allergy?

A

A disorder caused by the body’s exaggerated response to foreign chemical a proteins. Also called hypersensitivities.

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49
Q

What is an allergen?

A

A substance that triggers and allergic reaction.

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50
Q

What are examples of allergens?

A

Pollen

Animal dander

Dust mites

Mold

Mildew

Foods

Insect stings

Latex

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51
Q

What does a myeloid stem cell differentiate into?

A

BENT ME

Basophil

Eosinophil

Neutrophil

Thrombocyte

Macrophage

Erythrocyte

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52
Q

What is asthma?

A

Disease in which chronic inflammation and periodic constriction of the airways cause wheezing, SOB, coughing.

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53
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

A severe systemic, hypersensitive reaction to an allergen chartacterized by difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, heart arrhythmia, seizure and sometimes death.

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54
Q

What is anaphylaxis treated with?

A
  • Steroids
  • Beta 2 Agonist
  • Antihistamines
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55
Q

What are methods used to deal with allergies?

A
  • Avoidance
  • Medication (antihistamines, corticosteroids)
  • Immunotherapy
56
Q

What is immunotherapy?

A

Desensitization to a particular allergen (ex: allergy shots)

57
Q

What is incubation?

A

A period when bacteria or viruses are actively multiplying inside the body cells. Usually asymptomatic.

58
Q

Why is a fever a good thing?

A

Cuases denaturation of proteins in the pathogen. Pathogen is then unable to reproduce.

59
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

The natural environment inwhich a pathogen typically lives

60
Q

What is a vector?

A

Insect, rodent or other organism that carries a transmits a pathogen from one host to another

61
Q

If a pathogen enters the bloodstream/lymphatic system what is it called?

A

Systemic infection

62
Q

What is an epidemic? Give an example.

A

A rapidly spreading disease or health related condition.

Ex: Ebola virus or Diabetes or Obesity

63
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

A worldwide spread epidemic that refers exclusively to infectious diseases

Ex: Flu, Bubonic Plage, Smallpox

64
Q

What is an endemic?

A

An infectious disease that only affects humans in a particular population or region.

Ex: Malaria

65
Q

What is H1N1?

A

A combination of 4 different viruses.

2 swine flu

1 avian/bird flu

1 human flu (What allows humans to catch it)

66
Q

What is H5N1?

A

Aka: Bird Flu.

Doesn’t pass easily to humans but when it does it’s deadly.

67
Q

What are bacteria classified by?

A

Shape

  • Bacilli
  • Cocci
  • Spiral
  • Vibrio
68
Q

What is the role of natural flora in the body?

A
  • Help digest nutrients.
  • Helps make nutrients Vitamin K & Vitamin B.
  • They keep harmful bacteria out by competing for food and other resources.
  • Secrete substances that are toxic to pathogenic bacteria
69
Q

What is the acidity in the vagina?

A

pH: 3.5 - 4.5

70
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of the lungs

71
Q

What makes pneumonia deadly?

A

If the fluid in the lungs clogs aleveoli and prevent O2 from entering the bloodstream.

72
Q

What vaccine could be taken to protect from pneumonia? Who should take it?

A

Pneumococcal pneumonia

>65 years

73
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the meninges

74
Q

What is meningitis caused by?

A

Bacterium

Virus

Fungus

Parasite

75
Q

What is the most life threatening meningitis? How do you treat it?

A

Bacterial meningitis can be life threatening and requires immediate treatment with antibiotics.

(If you suspect it tx first and then wait for lab results)

76
Q

What are the leading causes of bacterial meningitis?

A

Niseria meningititis meningococcus

Streptococcus pneumonaiae (pneumococcus)

77
Q

What are the permanent disabilities in bacterial meningitis patients?

A

Brain damage

Seizures

Hearing loss

78
Q

Where is the meningitis belt located?

A

Subsahara Africa

79
Q

What is streptococcus?

A

A spherical shaped bacteria and often grows in chains. This species causes skin infections, strep throat, pneumonia, rheumatic fever, scarlett fever, impetigo, erysipelas and other diseases.

80
Q

What is it called when streptococcus gets into the bloodstream and infects the deeper tissues of the skin?

A

Necrotizing fascitis or “Flesh eating strep”

81
Q

What is endocarditis? Which family of gram positive bacteria can cause endocarditis?

A

Infection of the heart lining and valves

82
Q

Pregnant woman and newborns are more suceptible to which gram positive infection?

A

Streptococcus

83
Q

What is staphylococcus?

A

A genus of circular clusters of bacterian primarily found on the skin or in the nasal passages.

84
Q

What are the conditions staphylococcus causes?

A

May cause boils, pheumonia, toxic shock syndromes, severe skin infections and blood infections

85
Q

What bacterial infection is often experienced with IV?

A

Staphylococcus

86
Q

Why is staphylococcus toxins referred to as super antigens?

A

Proliferation of T cells –> cytokine storm results in tissue damage, coagulation & ultimately organ failure

87
Q

What is MRSA?

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

88
Q

Where can MRSA be found?

A

Places where people are in close contact with one another.

Hospitals (Nosocomial)

Locker rooms

Playing fields

89
Q

What is the best defense against MRSA?

A

Good hygiene

Frequent hand washing

90
Q

What is the ideal environment for staphylococcus growth?

A

Warm

Wet

Bloody

91
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

A chronic bacterial infection that usually infects the lungs, though it can affect other organs as well.

92
Q

What are the symptoms of tuberculosis?

A

Coughing, Fatigue, Night sweats, Weight loss & Fever

93
Q

What does tuberculosis look like in a chest x-ray?

A

Dots all over the lung. (Air perforations)

94
Q

TB is endemic to what populations?

A

Imigrants from countries where TB is endemic

HIV

inner cities

95
Q

Is tuberculosis resistant to drugs?

A

MDR TB

Multidrug resistant TB is resistant to at least two of the best anti TB drugs

96
Q

What kind of tuberculosis is resistant to two of the best anti-TB drugs as well as some second line drugs?

A

XDR TB

Extensively drug-resistant TB

97
Q

What is the leading cause of death in HIV infected patients?

A

PCP and TB

98
Q

What is lyme disease?

A

A spiral shaped bacterium, Borrelia Burgdorferi, spread by ticks. Most commonly found in North Eastern and North Central US.

99
Q

What are the symptoms of lyme disease?

A

Stage 1: Bull’s eye shaped red rash (2 weeks after the bite)

Stage 2: Impair coordination, partial facial paralysis and heart rhythm abnormalities. Nervous & Cardiovascular systems (weeks to months after the bite)

Stage 3: Chronic or recurring arthritis (months to years after the bite)

100
Q

What are the effects of lyme disease in a pregnant woman?

A

Can cause fetal damage or death at any stage of pregnancy.

101
Q

At what stage can you treat lyme disease?

A

Lyme disease is treatable at all stages, although arthritis symptoms may not completely resolve.

102
Q

What is rocky mountain spotted fever caused by?

A

Rickettsia bacterium

103
Q

What diseases are spread by ticks?

A

Rocky mt spotted fever

typhus

lyme disease

Ehrlichiosis (less severe symptoms)

104
Q

What are the characterisitcs of Rocky Mt. Spotted fever?

A

Sudden onset of fever

Headache

Muscle Pain

followed by development of spotted rash

105
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

Sores in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum caused by Helicobacter Pylori (H.Pylori)

106
Q

What contributes to the development of ulcers?

A

Long term use of NSAIDs

107
Q

What is tetanus?

A

A bacteria caused by Clostridium tetani found in deep puncture wounds and produces a deadly toxin.

Usually associated with metal (rusty nails).

108
Q

What does tetanus cause?

A

Contraction, muscle stiffness and spasms,

109
Q

What is C.Diff?

Symptoms?

A

Clostridium Dificil

Inflammation of the colon resulting in diarrhea, nausea and fever

110
Q

What causes C.Diff?

A

Overuse of medications (resistant strains)

111
Q

Where is C. Diff found?

A

On medical equipment, bathroom fixtures, bed linens, nosocomial, people’s hands

112
Q

What is Pertusis?

A

A highly contagious respiratory illness caused by bordetella pertusis.

Whooping cough that sounds like a dog bark

113
Q

What causes pertusis?

A

A bacterium, Bordatella pertusis.

114
Q

Why is there a resurgence of pertusis?

A

People aren’t getting DTP vaccine

Diptheria Tetanus Pertusis

115
Q

What is a UTI?

A

Urinary Tract Infection

Infection of the bladder and urethra

116
Q

What is the most common cause of UTI?

A

The bacterium, E.coli

117
Q

How does E.coli cause UTIs?

A

Bacterium from the GI tract or skin around the anus gets pushed up to the opening of the urethra during sexual intercourse

118
Q

How can UTI’s be avoided?

A

Urinate before and after sexual intercourse

119
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Naturally occuring and synthetic substances that aide in killing bacteria

120
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

They interfere with the reproduction of bacteria

121
Q

How do penicillins kill bacteria?

A

They are bacteriocidal

122
Q

Which bacteria are antibiotic resistant?

A

Gonorrhea

Salmonella

Tb

MRSA

C.Diff

123
Q

What are possible causes of antibiotic resistance?

A

Overuse/Improper use

Agriculture

124
Q

What is a virus?

A

A infectious agent composed of nucleic acid, DNA, RNA suronuded by a protein coat. It lacks an independent metabolism and only reproduces in a host cell

125
Q

What are interferons?

A

The first line of defense against viruses. Interferons block the spread of virus infections to other cells in the body and kill infected cells.

126
Q

What are the most common viruses that cause the common cold? How?

A

The rhinovirus, coronavirus attacks the lining of the nasal passage

127
Q

What is influenza?

A

An infection of the respiratory tract caused by the influenza virus which is highly infectious and prone to variation as a result every new year, new strains arise.

128
Q

What is a life threatening complication that can result from the flu?

A

pneumonia

129
Q

What kind of virus is the seasonal influenza vaccine? Killed or attenuated?

A

A killed virus of a current strain

130
Q

What age group does the CDC recommend for vaccination of influenza?

A

6 mo +

131
Q

What helps treat the common cold?

A

Zinc oxidative losenges believed to reduce amount of time virus is active

Vitamin C

132
Q

What causes scurvy?

A

Vitamin C deficiency

133
Q

What is MMR characterized by?

A

Rash and a fever

134
Q

What could happen if a pregnant women is infected with rubella?

A

Rubella can be transmitted to the fetus, causing

  • miscarriage
  • stillbirth
  • severe birth defects

(which includes: deafness, eye and heart defects and mental impairment)

135
Q
A

Microbiology (1 decks)

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