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M2 Block1 Exam1 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

chemoheteroptrophs are

A

bacteria who use glucose as their carbon source

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2
Q

all pathogenic bacteria are ________trophs

A

chemoheteroptrophs

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3
Q

catalase

A

degrades peroxides into water and oxcygen

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4
Q

peroxidase

A

degrades peroxide using a reducing agent

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5
Q

all pathogenic bacteria are _____philes

A

mesophiles - grow best in T 25-40

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6
Q

Mannitol salt agar

A

Used to isolate pathogenic staph

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7
Q

what does mannitol salt sugar contain (3 things)

A

NaCl to select for bacteria that tolerate high nacl [ ]
Mannitol: carbohydrate source –> when mannitol is fermented it makes acid, turns agar yellow
phenol red: red at neutral pH, yellow in acidic, pink in basic

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8
Q

MacConkey Agar is used to differentiate

A

Used to isolate and differentiate members of enterobacteriacae (selects for gram -)

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9
Q

what are the components of MacConey Agar (4)

A

Lactose - carbohydrate source.
fermentation results in acid production and absoprtion of red –> pink/red colonies

Bile salt - inhibit growth of gram + bacteria

Neutral Red - below 6.8 is red, above 6.8 is colorless

Crysal violet - inhibits game +

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10
Q

Blood agar is used to

A

determine the ability of bacteria to hemolyse RBCs

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11
Q

what is in blood agar

A

5% sheep blood provudes RBCs for hemolysis

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12
Q

green or red color around colonies in blood agar

A

alpha hemolysis aka partial hemolysis od RBCs

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13
Q

clearing of medium around colonies on blood agar

A

beta hemolysis complete destruction of RBCs

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14
Q

chocolate agar

A

used for cultivation of fastidious organisms

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15
Q

what factors are in chocolate agar (2)

A

Factor X - hemin and Factor V which are important growth factors

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16
Q

what occurs in group translocation

A

combines transport of a molecule with the modification of that molecule (such as being changed by phosphorylation) which traps it inside the cell and cannot be transported out

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17
Q

what is a siderophore

A

it is secreted by pathogenic bacteria that will uptake iron fromthe body. they bind Fe3+ and transfer it across the bacterial membrane

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18
Q

most baceria use what kind of metabolic process?

A

Glycolysis

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19
Q

what kind of bacteria usually utilize enter-doudoroff pathways

A

gram -

This is an alternative mechanism of breaking glucose into 2 pyruvates

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20
Q

phenols are effective against

A

gram + bacteria and enveoped viruses

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21
Q

phenols are not effective against

A

spores and non-enveloped viruses

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22
Q

anionic agents are effective against

A

gram + bacteira

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23
Q

what do phenolic compounds do?

A

these compounds are bactericidal (at low concentrations) by causing membrane leakage and irreversible inactivation of membrane functions (e.g. inactivating enzymes)

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24
Q

alcohol is not effective against

A

spores

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25
Q

how are heavy metals effective against bacteria?

A

altering the 3D-structure of bacterial proteins, which compromises protein function and survival of

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26
Q

how do orgnic solvent and detergents work

A

These agents disrupt the cell membranes by solubilizing the lipids

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27
Q

how do quats work

A

Binding of the positively-charged quat with the negatively-charged bacterial surface results in major membrane damage.

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28
Q

how do halogens work? (oxidizing agent)

A

oxidizing cellular molecules (e.g.enzymes), resulting in diminished function and survival

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29
Q

how does H202 work

A

xidizing bacterial enzymes, which interferes with bacterial metabolism and kills the bacteria.

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30
Q

how do alkylating agents work

A

attaching alkyl groups to bacterial proteins and DNA resulting in nonfunctional molecules and ultimate death of the bacteria.

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31
Q

nly cold chemical sterilizing agent recommended by the CDC for use on respiratory therapy equipment.

A

Glutaraldehyde

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32
Q

preferred method of heat sterilization

A

moist heat

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33
Q

The most efficient temperature/pressure to destroy microbes

A

121°C and 15 psi

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34
Q

Dry heat sterilizes by

A

denaturing bacterial proteins and exerting oxidative damage but takes longer to sterilize in comparison to moist heat

35
Q

main method of dryheat

A

Oven sterilization

36
Q

kills spores, and can sterilize surgical gowns and rubber catheters

A

gamma radiation

37
Q

dry heat is best used for

A

powders and sharps

38
Q

gamma radiaion works by

A

forming free radicals –> disrupt DNA bonds, –> inhibition of bacterial division –> cell death

39
Q

dry heat is best used for

A

plastic ware

40
Q

what is the definition of host nutritional immuniyy

A

its when a host becomes infected and tries to withold nutrients to prevent bacterial growth

41
Q

the actue inflammatroy response is related to iron how?

A

IL6, part of the acute phase, will trigger release of hepcidin from the liver, which further sequesters Fe

42
Q

what kind of toxin causes diarrhea?

A

enterotoxins

43
Q

secretion systems are found in what kind of bacteria

A

gram negative

44
Q

type III secretion systems

A

uses a flagella-like appendage as an injection needle

45
Q

type Iv secretion system

A

injecting proteins using a pilus like appandage as injection needle

46
Q

what does RecA do?

A

RecA assists in the recombination process of transformation where DNa is realeased into the environment by dead cells and it is taken up by a live cell and recombined into its genome

47
Q

bacterial gene expression is most often regulated at the point of

A

transcription

48
Q

what is generalized transduction

A

phage breaks apart all of the DNA and it gets mixed up and randomly put into phage capsules. Some of them will have bacterial DNA and some will have phage DNA

49
Q

what is specialized transudction

A

it is when a phage itnegrates with a host and then when induces pops out to make phage. when it pops out it will take with it adjacent parts of the bacterial genome.

50
Q

specialized transduction is the same as

A

lysogenic cycle

51
Q

two important toxins that are on specialize dphage

A

diptheria and cholera

52
Q

gyrase is inhibited by what type of antibiotics?

A

cipro / quinilone

53
Q

what is nucelotide excision repair

A

how you repair thyamine dimers from UV damage

54
Q

what drugs block gyrase?

A

quinilones

55
Q

what are the most common spontaneous mutations from

A

the loss of the nucelobase aka depurination

56
Q

ionizing radiation, including UV, causes ________ cross linking

A

pyrimidine

57
Q

disease that is deficient in nucelotide excision repair?

A

Xeroderma Pigmentosa

58
Q

what bacteria is found on every body site with normal microbiota

A

aerobic gram negativve cocci and aerobic diptheroids

staphylococci and dipheroids

59
Q

what kind of bacteria colonizes the mouth

A

alphahemolytic streptococci and obligate anaerobes

60
Q

are there normal microbiota in the trachea?

A

no

61
Q

in the colon the type of bacteria is mostly

A

anaerobic

62
Q

what can colonize the stomach

A

helicobacter pylori

63
Q

why is the pH of the vagina low?

A

because of the matabolism of glycoen

64
Q

WHAT DOES SOD DO

A

it converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide

65
Q

in what temps do mesophiles grow best in

A

temps from 25-40

66
Q

I have a pthologic staph and want to grow it. What agar do I use?

A

Mannitol salt sugar

67
Q

colors of phenol red in
neutral
basic
acidic

A

red in neutral
pink in basic
yellow in acidic

68
Q

enter bacteriacidae ferment what

A

lactose

69
Q

in the macConkey Agar, what color is produced with and without fermentation of lactose

A

with fermentation –> acid production –> absorption of neutral Red —> red/pink colonies

wihtout fermentation –> colorless

70
Q

what factors select for gram negative bacteria in the MacConkey agar

A

the crystal biolet and bile salts

71
Q

what is the reason that a baceria will use the glycoxylate cycle

A

to utilize fat and the products of the process can lead to glucose production and AA synstheiss

72
Q

how do detergents work

A

they disrupt the cell membrne –> leakage

73
Q

anionic agents

A

decrease the ability of bacteria to bind to a surface

74
Q

anionic agents are used to clear

A

skin and clothing

75
Q

Heavy metals are used to trat what isease

A

silver sulfadiazine is used to treat topical burns

76
Q

how do halogens work?

A

they oxidize cellular molecules

77
Q

how do alkylating agents work?

A

they alkylate things and make them non functional

78
Q

use ___ to disinfect dialysis machines

A

formaldehyde

79
Q

on respiratory therapy equiptment use

A

glutaraldehyde

80
Q

specification son moist heat?

A

121 c 15 psi

81
Q

can moist heat kill spores?

A

yes

82
Q

descrieb the two component regulatory system of a pathogen

A

first only when a certain environmental factor serves as the first signal, like temp, etc, a sensor kinase is activated and will phospohorylate a resposne regulator which will activate transcription of a certain gene

83
Q

bacerial gene epression is controlled at th point of

A

transcrption

M2 Block1 Exam1 (4 decks)

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