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Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What organism is predominant in the “healthy” vagina

A

Lactobacillus

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2
Q

What other organisms are present in the “normal” vaginal flora

A

Strep Viridans
Group B beta-haemolytic strep
Candida

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3
Q

List three examples of non-sexually transmitted genital tract infections

A

Candida infection
Bacterial Vaginosis
Prostatitis

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4
Q

Give 4 predisposing factors for candida infection

A

Recent antibiotic therapy
High oestrogen levels
Poorly controlled diabetes
Immunocompromised patients

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5
Q

Main clinical presentation of vaginal thrush/candida:

A

Intensely itchy, white, vaginal discharge

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6
Q

What is the treatment for candida infections:

A

Topical clotrimazole cream

Oral fluconazole

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7
Q

How does bacterial vaginosis occur?

A

Normal vaginal flora is replaced with abnormal anaerobes

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8
Q

What is the main anaerobe in in bacterial vaginosis?

A

Gardnerella Vaginosis

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9
Q

Describe the presentation of bacterial vaginosis:

A

Thin, watery, fishy-smelling vaginal discharge.

Elevated pH (>4.5)

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10
Q

How do you treat bacterial vaginosis:

A

Metronidazole orally

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11
Q

List 4 risks of bacterial vaginosis:

A

Premature rupture of membranes/preterm delivery
Increased risk of HIV
Endometriosis
Salpingitis

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12
Q

What is the most common bacterial STI in the UK?

A

Chlamydia Trachomatis

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13
Q

Where in the body can chlamydia infect?

A

Urethra
Rectum
Throat
Eyes

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14
Q

Chlamydia is gram stain positive - true or false?

A

FALSE

Chlamydia does not have a peptoglycan wall, therefore it cannot be gram stained

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15
Q

Which serological group of chlamydia infects the genitals?

A

Serovars D-K

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16
Q

Which form of chlamydia is NOT an STI

A

Serovar A-C
Infects the eyes
NOT and STI

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17
Q

Which group of people are commonly affected by lymphogranuloma venereum?

A

Male - sex with - Male

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18
Q

What is the current treatment for chlamydia?

A

Doxycycline

19
Q

How long should you wait before re-testing patients after treatment for chlamydia?

A

At least 5 weeks

The presence of any chlamydia cells (dead or alive) will give a positive test, so you need to wait for them to pass.

20
Q

What type of organism is Neisseria gonorrhoea?

A

Gram negative diplococci

Fastidious organism

21
Q

What causes pharyngeal gonococcal infection?

A

Orogenital sex

Mainly fellatio

22
Q

What is the treatment for N. gonorrhoea

A

Intramuscular Ceftriaxone

23
Q

What is concerning about n. gonorrhoea

A

It’s becoming resistant to lots of antibiotics

Reported cases of untreatable strains in the East

24
Q

What is a rare complication of male UTI’s?

A

Acute bacterial prostitis

25
Q

What are the symptoms of bacterial prostitis?

A

Lower abdo pain
Perineal/penile pain
Tender prostate on examination

26
Q

How do you treat acute bacterial prostitis?

A

28 days of Ciprofloxacin

27
Q

What does the organism Treponema Pallidum cause?

A

Syphilis

28
Q

What type of organism is treponema pallidum?

A

Spirochete

does NOT gram stain

29
Q

What is a chancre?

A

A non-painful lesion which appears in the first stage of syphilis

30
Q

What is significant about the stage 2 rash in syphilis?

A

It is one of only a few rashes that affects the soles of your feet and palms of your hands.

31
Q

What complications may arise in the late stage of syphilis?

A

Cardiovascular and Neurovascular complications

32
Q

What four tests are done to detect syphilis?

A

IgM/IgG screening

EIA
TPHA
TPPA

33
Q

When are non-specific serological tests useful?

A

When monitoring response to treatment

34
Q

What antibiotic is syphilis very sensitive to?

A

Penicillin

35
Q

What is the commonest viral STI?

A

Genital warts

HPV

36
Q

What type of HPV commonly causes genital warts?

A

6 and 11

37
Q

What types of HPV commonly are associated with cervical cancer?

A

16 & 18

38
Q

What causes genital herpes?

A

Herpes Simplex Virus (types 1 and 2)

39
Q

Why can you get recurrent herpes rashes from HSV?

A

The HSV virus can live in the sacral root and reoccur in the same area continually

40
Q

What treatment can be used for HSV if caught early>

A

Aciclovir

41
Q

How do you treat trichomonas vaginalis?

A

Oral metronidazole

42
Q

What is trichomonas vaginalis?

A

A sexually transmitted parasite

43
Q

How should you treat a pregnant woman with genital herpes in 1st and 2nd trimester?

A 
Aciclovir oral (admit if Aciclovir encephalitis) 
Once the primary infection has been treated successfully, patient should be offered treatment dose aciclovir 3x a day from week 36 until delivery.
44
Q

Is a vaginal delivery an option in a pregnant women who ahs suffered a genital herpes infection during pregnancy?

A

Yes IF patient was treated and has been taking prophylactic acyclovir

Reproduction (19 decks)

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