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patyi nalang mi > MicroPara CHAP 3 > Flashcards

MicroPara CHAP 3 Flashcards

1
Q

One goal of these procedures is to attach a name or identity to the microbe, usually to the level of species. Any information gathered from inspection and investigation can be useful. is accomplished through the use of keys, charts, and computer programs that analyze the data and arrive at a final conclusion.

A

IDENTIFICATION

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2
Q

The sample is placed into a container of medium that will support its growth. The medium may be in solid or liquid form, and held in tubes, plates,flasks, and even eggs. The delivery tool is usually a loop, needle, swap or syringe.

A

INOCULATION

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3
Q

Microbiologists begin by sampling the object of their interest. It could be nearly any thing or place on earth (or even Mars).Very common sources are body fluids,foods, water, soil, plants, and animals,but even places like icebergs, volcanoes,and rocks can be sampled.

A

SPECIMEN

COLLECTION

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4
Q

Additional tests for microbial function and characteristics are usually required. This may include inoculations into specialized media that determine biochemical traits, immunological testing, and genetic typing. Such tests will provide specific information unique to a certain microbe.

A

INFORMATION GATHERING

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5
Q

Inoculated media are placed in a controlled environment (incubator)to promote growth. During the hours or days of this process, a culture develops as the visible growth of the microbes in the container of medium.

A

INCUBATION

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6
Q

Cultures are observed for the macroscopic appearance of growth characteristics. Cultures
are examined under the microscope for basic details such as cell type and shape. This may be enhanced through staining and use of special microscopes.

A

INSPECTION

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7
Q

Some inoculation techniques can separate microbes and spread them apart to create isolated colonies that each contain a single type of microbe
This is invaluable for identifying the exact species of microbes in the sample, and it paves the way for making pure cultures.

A

ISOLATION

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8
Q

ability to enlarge objects

A

Magnification

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9
Q

ability to show detail

A

Resolving power

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10
Q

The extent of
enlargement

A

magnification.

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11
Q

The objective lens
forms the magnified

A

real image

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12
Q

The real image is
projected to the
_____ where it is
magnified again to
form the _____
image

A

OCULAR ; VIRTUAL

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13
Q

the final image is
a product of the
separate magnifying
powers of the two
lenses

A

Total magnification

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14
Q

The capacity to distinguish or separate two
adjacent objects and depends on

A

Resolution

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15
Q

Visible light wavelength

A

400 nm–750 nm

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16
Q

Numerical aperture of lens ranges

A

from 0.1 to 1.25

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17
Q

will provide better resolution

A

Shorter wavelength and larger numerical aperture

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18
Q

Oil immersion objectives resolution is

A

0.2 μm

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19
Q

Magnification between

A

40X and 2000X

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20
Q

most widely used; specimen is
darker than surrounding field; used for live and
preserved stained specimens

A

Bright-field

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21
Q

brightly illuminated specimens
surrounded by dark field; used for live and unstained
specimens

A

Dark-field

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22
Q

transforms subtle changes in light
waves passing through the specimen into
differences in light intensity, best for observing
intracellular structures

A

Phase-contrast

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23
Q

Modified microscope
with an ultraviolet
radiation source and
filter.

Uses dyes that emit
visible light when
bombarded with
shorter UV rays -
fluorescence

Useful in diagnosing
infections

A

Fluorescence Microscope

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24
Q

Uses a laser beam of
light to scan the
specimen.

Integrates images to
allow focus on
multiple depths or
planes.

A

Scanning Confocal Microscope

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25
Q

Forms an image with a beam of electrons that can
be made to travel in wavelike patterns when
accelerated to high speeds

Electron waves are 100,000 times shorter than the
waves of visible light

Electrons have tremendous power to resolve
minute structures because resolving power is a
function of wavelength

Magnification between 5,000X and 1,000,000X

A

Electron Microscopy

26
Q

2 Types of Electron Microscopes

A

Transmission electron
microscopes (TEM)

Scanning electron
microscopes (SEM)

27
Q

transmit electrons
through the specimen.
Darker areas represent
thicker, denser parts
and lighter areas
indicate more
transparent, less dense
parts.

A

Transmission electron
microscopes (TEM)

28
Q

provide detailed
three-dimensional
view. SEM bombards
surface of a whole,
metal-coated specimen
with electrons while
scanning back and
forth over it.

A

Scanning electron
microscopes (SEM)

29
Q

allow examination of characteristics of live
cells: size, motility, shape, and arrangement

A

Wet mounts and hanging drop mounts

30
Q

are made by drying and
heating a film of specimen.

A

Fixed mounts

31
Q

This _____ is
stained using dyes to permit visualization of
cells or cell parts.

A

SMEAR

32
Q

used to create
contrast by imparting
color

A

Dyes

33
Q

cationic,
positively charged
chromophore

A

Basic dyes

34
Q

surfaces of microbes are
negatively charged and
attract basic dyes

A

Positive staining

35
Q

anionic,
negatively charged
chromophore

A

Acidic dyes

36
Q

microbe repels dye, the
dye stains the
background

A

Negative staining

37
Q

one dye is used; reveals
shape, size, and arrangement

A

Simple stains

38
Q

use a primary stain and a
counterstain to distinguish cell types or parts
(examples: Gram stain, acid-fast stain, and
endospore stain)

A

Differential stains

39
Q

reveal certain cell parts not
revealed by conventional methods: capsule and
flagellar stains

A

Structural stains

40
Q

The 6 I’s of Culturing Microbes

A

Inoculation
Isolation
Incubation
Inspection
Information gathering
Identification

41
Q

introduction of a sample into a
container of media to produce a culture of
observable growth

A

Inoculation

42
Q

separating one species from another

A

Isolation

43
Q

under conditions that allow growth

A

Incubation

44
Q

If an individual bacterial cell is separated from other
cells and has space on a nutrient surface, it will grow
into a mound of cells—

A

a colony.

45
Q

Isolation Techniques

A

Streak plate
technique

Pour plate
technique

Spread plate
technique

46
Q

If a single species is growing in the container, you have
a

A

pure culture

47
Q

but if there are multiple species than
you have a

A

mixed culture.

48
Q

broth; does not
solidify

A

Liquid

49
Q

contains
solidifying agent

A

Semisolid

50
Q

firm surface for
colony formation

Contains solidifying
agent

Liquefiable and
nonliquefiable

A

Solid

51
Q

The most commonly used
solidifying agent

Solid at room temperature,
liquefies at boiling (100oC),
does not re-solidify until it
cools to 42oC

Provides framework to hold
moisture and nutrients

Not digestible for most
microbes

A

Agar

52
Q

liquid medium containing
beef extract and peptone

A

Nutrient broth

53
Q

solid media containing
beef extract, peptone, and agar

A

Nutrient agar

54
Q

contains pure organic and inorganic
compounds in an exact chemical formula

A

Synthetic

55
Q

contains at least
one ingredient that is not chemically definable

A

Complex or nonsynthetic

56
Q

grows a broad range
of microbes, usually nonsynthetic

A

General purpose media

57
Q

contains complex organic
substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin, or
special growth factors required by fastidious
microbes

A

Enriched media

58
Q

contains
one or more
agents that
inhibit growth of
some microbes
and encourage
growth of the
desired
microbes

A

Selective
media:

59
Q

allows
growth of several
types of microbes
and displays
visible differences
among those
microbes

A

Differential
media:

60
Q

contains a substance
that absorbs oxygen
or slows penetration
of oxygen into
medium; used for
growing anaerobic
bacteria

A

Reducing medium

61
Q

contains sugars that
can be fermented,
converted to acids,
and a pH indicator to
show this reaction

A

Carbohydrate
fermentation medium

patyi nalang mi (4 decks)

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