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patyi nalang mi > MICROPARA CHAP 4 > Flashcards

MICROPARA CHAP 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Two basic cell types:

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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2
Q

Basic shape

A

spherical, cubical, cylindrical

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3
Q

Internal content

A

cytoplasm, surrounded by a
membrane

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4
Q

animals, plants, fungi, and protists

Contain membrane-bound organelles that
compartmentalize the cytoplasm and perform specific
functions

Contain double-membrane bound nucleus with DNA
chromosomes

A

Eukaryotic cells:

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5
Q

bacteria and archaea

No nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

A

Prokaryotic cells:

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6
Q

composed
of DNA packed in chromosomes; produce
offspring sexually or asexually

A

genome

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7
Q

chemical and physical life
processes

A

Metabolism

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8
Q

respond to
internal/external stimuli; self-propulsion of many
organisms

A

Movement and/or irritability

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9
Q

Two major groups of appendages:

A

Motility

Attachment or channels

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10
Q

surface coating

A

Glycocalyx

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11
Q

long, thin, helical structure composed of
protein flagellin

A

Filament

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12
Q

curved sheath

A

Hook

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13
Q

stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall

A

Basal body

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14
Q

single flagellum
at one end

A

Monotrichous

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15
Q

small bunches
emerging from
the same site

A

Lophotrichous

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16
Q

flagella at both
ends of cell

A

Amphitrichous

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17
Q

flagella
dispersed over
surface of cell

A

Peritrichous

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18
Q

Chemical stimuli

A

chemotaxis; positive and negative

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19
Q

Light stimuli

A

phototaxis

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20
Q

Counterclockwise – results in smooth linear direction

A

– run

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21
Q

Clockwise

A

tumbles

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22
Q

Coating of molecules external to the cell wall,
made of sugars and/or proteins

A

Glycocalyx

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23
Q

Two types: Glycocalyx

A

Slime layer - loosely organized and attached

Capsule - highly organized, tightly attached

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24
Q

thick cell wall composed
primarily of peptidoglycan and cell membrane

A

Gram-positive bacteria:

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25
Q

outer cell membrane, thin
peptidoglycan layer, and cell membrane

A

Gram-negative bacteria:

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26
Q

is the
primary component:

Unique macromolecule
composed of a
repeating framework of
long glycan chains
cross-linked by short
peptide fragments

A

Peptidoglycan

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27
Q

20-80 nm thick peptidoglycan

Includes teichoic acid and
lipoteichoic acid: function in cell
wall maintenance and
enlargement during cell division;
move cations across the cell
envelope; stimulate a specific
immune response

Some cells have a periplasmic
space, between the cell
membrane and cell wall

A

Gram-Positive Cell Wall

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28
Q

Inner and outer membranes
and periplasmic space
between them contains a
thin peptidoglycan layer

A

Gram-Negative Cell Wall

29
Q

Outer membrane Gram-Negative Cell Wall contains

A

lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

30
Q

Lipid portion (endotoxin)
may become toxic when
released during infections

May function as
receptors and blocking
immune response

Contain porin proteins in
upper layer – regulate
molecules entering and
leaving cell

A

lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

31
Q

retain crystal violet and stain purple

A

Gram-positive

32
Q

lose crystal violet and stain red from
safranin counterstain

A

Gram-negative

33
Q

Differential stain that distinguishes cells with a
gram-positive cell wall from those with a
gram-negative cell wall

A

The Gram Stain

34
Q

Pathogenicity and high degree of resistance to certain
chemicals and dyes

Basis for acid-fast stain used for diagnosis of infections
caused by these microorganisms

A

Gram-positive cell wall structure with lipid mycolic
acid (cord factor)

35
Q

Phospholipid bilayer with a mosaic of embedded proteins

A

fluid mosaic model

36
Q

Dense gelatinous solution of sugars, amino acids, and
salts

70-80% water (Why is this important to know?)

Serves as solvent for materials used in all cell
functions

A

cytoplasm:

37
Q

Single, circular,
double-stranded DNA molecule
that contains all the genetic
information required by a cell

A

Chromosome

38
Q

Free small circular,
double-stranded DNA

Not essential to bacterial growth
and metabolism

Used in genetic engineering -
readily manipulated and
transferred from cell to cell

A

Plasmids

39
Q

Made of 60% ribosomal
RNA and 40% protein

Consist of two subunits:
large and small

Prokaryotic differ from
eukaryotic ribosomes in
size and number of
proteins

Site of protein synthesis

Found in all cells

A

Ribosomes

40
Q

Intracellular storage bodies

Vary in size, number, and content

Bacterial cell can use them when environmental
sources are depleted

A

Inclusions and granules

41
Q

Many bacteria possess an internal network
of protein polymers that is closely
associated with the cell wall

A

Cytoskeleton

42
Q

Inert, resting, cells produced by some G+ genera:
Clostridium, Bacillus, and Sporosarcina

A

Endospores

43
Q

Endospores 2-phase life cycle:

A

Vegetative cell

Endospore

44
Q

metabolically active and growing

A

Vegetative cell

45
Q

when exposed to adverse environmental
conditions; capable of high resistance and very
long-term survival

A

Endospore

46
Q

formation of endospores

Hardiest of all life forms

Withstands extremes in heat, drying, freezing, radiation,
and chemicals

Not a means of reproduction

A

Sporulation

47
Q

return to vegetative growth

A

Germination

48
Q

Dehydrated,
metabolically inactive

Thick coat

Longevity verges on
immortality, 250
million years

Resistant to ordinary
cleaning methods
and boiling

Pressurized steam at
120oC for 20-30
minutes will destroy

A

Endospores

49
Q

spherical shape

A

Coccus

50
Q

rod shape

A

Bacillus

51
Q

Spirillum shape

A

helical, comma, twisted rod,

52
Q

Variation in cell shape
and size within a
single species – often
occurs in response to
the environment

A

Pleomorphism

53
Q

Singles

Diplococci – in pairs

Tetrads – groups of four

Irregular clusters

Chains

Cubical packets (sarcina)

A

Cocci:

54
Q

Diplobacilli

Chains

Palisades

A

Bacilli:

55
Q

individual cell
appearance

A

Microscopic morphology

56
Q

colony appearance

A

Macroscopic morphology

57
Q

presence of products that
are the result of bacterial metabolism and
physiological activities

A

Bacterial physiology

58
Q

basically antibody binding
properties (antibody is a large molecule
produced by the body to attack foreign agents)

A

Serological analysis

59
Q

identification
based on the presence of genetic materials or
molecules

A

Genetic and molecular analysis

60
Q

five volume resource covering
all known prokaryotes

A

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative
Bacteriology

61
Q

a collection of bacterial cells which
share an overall similar pattern of traits in
contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs
significantly

A

Species

62
Q

a culture derived from a
single parent that differs in structure or
metabolism from other cultures of that species
(biovars, morphovars)

A

Strain or variety

63
Q

a subspecies that can show differences
in antigenic makeup (serotype or serovar),
susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type)
and in pathogenicity (pathotype)

A

Type

64
Q

use photosynthesis,
can synthesize required nutrients from
inorganic compounds

A

Photosynthetic bacteria

65
Q

Very tiny, gram-negative
bacteria

Most are pathogens

Obligate intracellular
pathogens

Cannot survive or multiply
outside of a host cell

A

Rickettsias

66
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted
fever

A

Rickettsia rickettisii

67
Q

Tiny

Obligate intracellular parasites

Not transmitted by arthropods

A

Chlamydias

68
Q

severe eye infection
and one of the most common sexually
transmitted diseases

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

69
Q

lung infections

A

Chlamydia pneumoniae

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