MICROPARA CHAP 7

Question 1

process by which chemical substances
(nutrients) are acquired from the environment and
used in cellular activities

Answer 1

Nutrition

Question 2

must be provided to an
organism

Answer 2

Essential nutrients

Question 3

required in large quantities; play
principal roles in cell structure and metabolism

Proteins, carbohydrates

Answer 3

Macronutrients

Question 4

required in small
amounts; involved in enzyme function and maintenance
of protein structure

Manganese, zinc, nickel

Answer 4

Micronutrients or trace elements

Question 5

contain carbon and
hydrogen atoms and are usually the products of
living things

Methane (CH4), carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids

Answer 5

Organic nutrients

Question 6

atom or molecule that
contains a combination of atoms other than
carbon and hydrogen

Metals and their salts (magnesium sulfate, ferric
nitrate, sodium phosphate), gases (oxygen, carbon
dioxide) and water

Answer 6

Inorganic nutrients

Question 7

must obtain carbon in an organic
form made by other living organisms such as
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

Answer 7

Heterotroph

Question 8

an organism that uses CO2, an
inorganic gas as its carbon source

Not nutritionally dependent on other living things

Answer 8

Autotroph

Question 9

gain energy from chemical
compounds

Answer 9

Chemotroph

Question 10

gain energy through
photosynthesis

Answer 10

Phototrophs

Question 11

free-living
microorganisms that feed on
organic detritus from dead
organisms

Opportunistic pathogen

Facultative parasite

Answer 11

Saprobes:

Question 12

derive nutrients from
host

Pathogens

Some are obligate parasites

Answer 12

Parasites:

Question 13

If an organism is degrading large organic molecules
to get both carbon and energy, it would be best
described as a

Answer 13

Chemoheterotroph

Question 14

does not require energy; substances
exist in a gradient and move from areas of higher
concentration toward areas of lower concentration

Answer 14

Passive transport

Question 15

requires energy and carrier proteins;
gradient independent

Answer 15

Active transport

Question 16

bringing substances into the cell
through a vesicle or phagosome

Answer 16

Endocytosis:

Question 17

ingests substances or cells

Answer 17

Phagocytosis

Question 18

ingests liquids

Answer 18

Pinocytosis

Question 19

If a cell is in a concentrated glucose solution and the
glucose is moving into the cell through a carrier protein,
this would be an example of

Answer 19

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 20

lowest temperature
that permits a microbe’s growth and metabolism

Answer 20

Minimum temperature

Question 21

highest temperature
that permits a microbe’s growth and metabolism

Answer 21

Maximum temperature

Question 22

promotes the fastest
rate of growth and metabolism

Answer 22

Optimum temperature

Question 23

optimum temperature below 15oC; capable of
growth at 0oC

Answer 23

Psychrophiles

Question 24

optimum temperature 20o-40oC; most human
pathogens

Answer 24

Mesophiles

Question 24

optimum temperature greater than 45oC

Answer 24

Thermophiles

Question 24

utilizes oxygen and can detoxify it

Answer 24

Aerobe

Question 25

cannot grow without oxygen

Answer 25

Obligate aerobe

Question 26

utilizes oxygen but can
also grow in its absence

Answer 26

Facultative anaerobe

Question 27

requires only a small amount
of oxygen

Answer 27

Microaerophilic

Question 28

does not utilize oxygen

Answer 28

Anaerobe

Question 29

lacks the enzymes to
detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in an oxygen
environment

Answer 29

Obligate anaerobe

Question 30

do not utilize oxygen
but can survive and grow in its presence

Answer 30

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Question 31

grows best at higher CO2 tensions
than normally present in the atmosphere

Answer 31

Capnophile

Question 32

grow at extreme acid pH

Answer 32

Acidophiles

Question 33

grow at extreme alkaline pH

Answer 33

Alkalinophiles

Question 34

require a high concentration of salt

Answer 34

Halophiles

Question 35

do not require high
concentration of solute but can tolerate it when it
occurs

Answer 35

Osmotolerant

Question 36

can survive under extreme
pressure and will rupture if exposed to normal
atmospheric pressure

Answer 36

Barophiles

Question 37

Chlamydomonas nivalis grows on Alaskan glaciers and it’s
photosynthetic pigments give the snow a red crust. This
organism would be best described as a

Answer 37

Psychrophile

Question 38

Organisms live in close

nutritional relationships;

required by one or both members.

Answer 38

Symbiotic

Question 39

Obligatory,

dependent;

both members

benefit.

Answer 39

Mutualism

Question 40

The commensal

benefits;

other member

not harmed.

Answer 40

Commensalism

Question 41

Parasite is

dependent

and benefits;

host harmed.

Answer 41

Parasitism

Question 42

Organisms are free-living;

relationships not required

for survival

Answer 42

Nonsymbiotic

Question 43

Members

cooperate

and share

nutrients.

Answer 43

Synergism

Question 44

Some members

are inhibited

or destroyed

by others.

Answer 44

Antagonism

Question 45

result when organisms attach to a
substrate by some form of extracellular matrix
that binds them together in complex organized
layers

Answer 45

Biofilms

Question 46

Division of bacterial cells occurs mainly through

Answer 46

binary fission (transverse)

Question 47

Time required for a complete fission cycle is called

Answer 47

the generation, or doubling time

Question 48

Each new fission cycle increases the population by
a factor of 2

Answer 48

exponential growth

Question 49

In laboratory studies, populations typically display a
predictable pattern over time

Answer 49

growth curve

Question 50

“flat” period of adjustment, enlargement;
little growth

Answer 50

Lag phase

Question 51

a period of maximum
growth will continue as long as cells have adequate
nutrients and a favorable environment

Answer 51

Exponential growth phase

Question 52

rate of cell growth equals rate of cell
death caused by depleted nutrients and O2, excretion of
organic acids and pollutants

Answer 52

Stationary phase

Question 53

as limiting factors intensify, cells die
exponentially

Answer 53

Death phase