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SOC 225 > Mid-Term 1 > Flashcards

Mid-Term 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define crime

A

Crime is a socially constructed and fluid concept. But the generic term refers to wide range of acts that have been defined as wrong or anti-social.

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2
Q

How was crime previously dealt with?

A

As a private matter

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3
Q

Crime (definition)

A

infraction of the law

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4
Q

Conventional crime

A

illegal activity committed by individuals or small groups, involving some degree of contact

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5
Q

Examples of conventional crime

A

robbery, vehicle theft, break and enter

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6
Q

Non-conventional crime

A

illegal activity that may not be associated with crime and that may not be pursued by the criminal justice system.

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7
Q

Examples of non-conventional crime

A

organized crime, political crime, cyber crime

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8
Q

Offense

A

specific infraction

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9
Q

Summary offense

A

less serious offense

ex. theft under $5000, impersonating an officer, taking a vehicle without consent

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10
Q

Indictable offense

A

serious offense
Ex. assault, theft over $5000, robbery, murder

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11
Q

Deviance

A

Wide range of behaviours that violate social norms but are not prohibited by law

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12
Q

Decriminalization

A

reduction/removal of criminal penalties attached to an act without legalizing it

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13
Q

Consensus crimes

A

activities that are considered harmful for which there is strong support for sanctioning and controlling them.

Ex. Homicide

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14
Q

Conflict crime

A

activities that are not universally crimes, although legally defined as such
Ex. Possessing non-medical weed

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15
Q

Criminology

A

studies criminal behaviour, crime causation, crime prevention, the punishment and rehabilitation of offenders.

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16
Q

Criminologist

A

behavioural scientist who specializes in identification, classification and description of criminal behaviour

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17
Q

The CJS has three institutions:

A

Police
Courts
Correctional/prison system

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18
Q

Functions of CJS

A

Investigate criminal offenses as defined in the Canadian Code of Conduct (police)

Lay charges as defined under CCC(police)

Prosecute accused in court (judge/jury)

Sentence those found guilty (judge)

Administer sentence (corrections)

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19
Q

Criminal process

A
  1. Community and crime prevention
  2. Crime
  3. Courts and Sentencing
  4. a. Alternative to incarceration
  5. b. Correctional institution
  6. Correctional plan
  7. Conditional /no conditional release
  8. Community reintegration
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20
Q

Enlightenment period 18th Century

A

Classical school of thought held that criminals act out of free will.

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21
Q

Beccaria and Bentham: Enlightenment period 18th Century

A

argue for penal reform on humanitarian and philosophical principles

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22
Q

Late 19th Century

A

term criminology entered scientific discourse (1879)

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23
Q

Topinard and Garofalo: Late 19th Century

A

Studied punishment and treatment of criminals

More interested in reformation of criminal law

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24
Q

Parmelee: Early 20th Century

A

Published first criminology textbook

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25
Q

Sutherland: Early 20th Century

A

published principles of , reinforcing sociology in criminology.

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26
Q

Denis Szabo “founding father of Canadian criminology”

A

Launched criminology program at University in Montreal, 1960.

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27
Q

John Edwards

A

Established Centre for criminology at University of Toronto, 1960

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28
Q

Tadeusz Grygier

A

Started criminology and correctional administration program at university of ottawa, 1967

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29
Q

Ezzat Fattah

A

Established Simon Fraser University’s criminology program in 1975

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30
Q

Criminal statistics

A

Researchers rely on crime data to understand and predict behaviour, assess the impact of the crime prevention or intervention programs

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31
Q

Sociology of Law

A

concerned with the origins of the law and legal thought

also with exploring the central themes of social order, social conflict and power relations as they pertain to law.

32
Q

Theory construction: Etiology

A

concerned with understanding the causes of crime, its rates and trends, predicting behaviour of groups and individuals

33
Q

Criminal typologies

A

concerned with trying to understand and organize criminal behaviour

34
Q

Disciplinary perspectives: Biology

A

possibility certain human traits are inherited or certain crimes are functions of criminal, genetic or neurological aberrations

35
Q

Disciplinary perspectives: Economics

A

Studies have found a connection between unemployment, economic recession, capitalism and crime

36
Q

Disciplinary perspectives: Geography and environment

A

Models and theories base on a wide range of environmental factors

37
Q

Disciplinary perspectives: Political Science

A

political decisions regarding criminal justice have a large impact on the community.

38
Q

Disciplinary perspectives: Psychology

A

Criminologists interested in Psychology look at different personalities and mental characteristics between criminals and others.

39
Q

Rationalism

A

principle the some kinds of knowledge are innate, others can be acquired through reasoning, independent experience

40
Q

Empiricism

A

principle that knowledge is acquired only through experience

41
Q

Immanuel Kant argued..

A

we do not know reality. Our minds form appearances of reality

42
Q

Logical reasoning

A

Often form conclusions based on what we believe to be logical speculation

43
Q

Authority

A

When an authority figure says something is so, we often accept it as fact

44
Q

Consensus

A

Rely on the wisdom of our peer groups

45
Q

Observation

A

Seeking things for ourselves instead of relying on second-hand information or the opinion of others

46
Q

Past experience

A

We draw on prior instances or events that confirms our assumptions and then attempt to modify elements

47
Q

four major influences on public attitude regarding criminal activity/behaviour

A
  1. Personal knowledge
  2. Mass media
  3. Official state knowledge
  4. Theoretical knowledge
48
Q

Net-widening

A

process by which the state expands its control over behaviour through changes to sentencing laws and administrative policies

49
Q

Moral panic

A

sociological term used to describe a widespread, exaggerated public concern over issues associated with morality.

50
Q

Albert Bandura

A

demonstrated link between watching and performing violence through Vicarious reinforcement

51
Q

Conflict Theory

A

theoretical perspective that views crime as a natural product of a society that promotes competition, hence social and economic disparity

52
Q

Left-realism

A

theoretical perspective that aims to better understand the implications of crime control policies rather than cause of crime

53
Q

Juristat

A

regular publication of the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, considered the most authoritative source of criminal justice statistics in Canada

54
Q

Operationalization

A

definition of criminological concepts or phenomena in such a way that they can be observed and measured scientifically.

55
Q

Why criminologists need data

A
  1. Description
  2. Explanation
  3. Evaluation
  4. Risk assessment
  5. Prediction
56
Q

Dark figure of crime

A

crime that goes undetected, unreported or unrecorded. Thus, is not included in official sources

57
Q

Main sources of police statistics

A
  1. Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR)
  2. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (CCJS)
58
Q

Hybrid offence

A

consist of crimes such as impaired driving, theft under $5000

59
Q

Triangulation

A

use of multiple data sources or research methods to investigate a topic, with the goal of producing more reliable findings

60
Q

Positive correlation

A

direct correlation in which an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in the other variable

61
Q

Negative correlation

A

direct correlation in which an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other variable.

62
Q

Causality

A

idea that one event is the result of one or more other events

63
Q

General aims of research

A

Discovery
Demonstration
Refutation
Replication

64
Q

Benjamin Mendelesohn “father of victimology”

A

First recognized the importance of the victim

65
Q

Victim Precipitation Theory

A

theory that some people make themselves targets for victimization, through their actions or in actions

66
Q

Lifestyle Model

A

Theory that some people experience a greater risk of being victims of crime because of their lifestyle habits and patterns of behaviour

67
Q

Lifestyle Model: Equivalent groups hypothesis

A

the offender and victim share certain characteristics

68
Q

Lifestyle Model: Proximity hypothesis

A

some people place themselves at risk by living a high-risk lifestyle

69
Q

Lifestyle Model: Deviant place hypothesis

A

some areas are simply more conducive to criminal behaviour than others

70
Q

Routine Activity Theory

A

theory that the risk of victimization increases when there is:
- presence of offenders
- available, suitable targets
- absence of capable guardians

71
Q

Victim Bills of Rights Act (2015)

A

the right to information
the right to protection
the right to participation
the right to restitution

72
Q

Victim restitution

A

victims have the right to seek financial redress for crimes experienced. Court can order offender found guilty to compensate victim.

73
Q

Victim compensation

A

payments made directly by the state to victims in compensation for financial loss or suffering

74
Q
A
75
Q
A

SOC 225 (3 decks)

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